As a result of heightened awareness that ophthalmologic examinations are essential for diagnosis and management of certain systemic diseases, the number of patients referred to the department of ophthalmology by other specialists have increased. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the in-patients referred from other departments for ophthalmologic evaluations at the Yonsei University Severance Hospital. Among the total 9.350 in-patients of Severance Hospital excluding the admissions to the department of ophthalmology during the six month period from November of 1970 to April of 1971, 200 patients (2.1%) were send for ophthalmologic consultations. They consisted of 127 (63.5%) males and 73(36.5%) females, and the incidence was high at the fifth decade (40 patients, 20%) followed by in order of frequency forth, sixth, third, and second decades. The patients were referred most frequently by internists (91 patients, 45.5%) followed by psychiatrists, obstetrician, and neurologists, etc. in that order. The underlying diseases necessitated the ophthalmologic consultations were diseases of cardiovascular system (43 patients, 21.5%), and of nervous system, trauma, and toxemias of pregnancies, etc. Seventy-nine patients demonstrated no specific findings in the eyes, and 59 of the remaining 121 patients had retinal changes. Diseases of the lids, conjunctivae, refraction, and the lens followed. There were 51 patients with hypertensive retinopathy among the 59 patients with retinal changes.
Cardiovascular System ; Conjunctiva ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertensive Retinopathy ; Incidence ; Male ; Nervous System ; Ophthalmology ; Pregnancy ; Psychiatry ; Referral and Consultation ; Retinaldehyde ; Specialization ; Toxemia

The literature review for fall in the elderly has been done for the better quality of life of increasing elderly people toward 21 st century. Because 30 to 50% of over sixty five years old persons have experiences of fall, five percent of the fallen have trauma such as bone fracture requiring hospitalization and three quarter of people who die as fall are over 65 year old, fall is important health problem of them. There are very little societal interest in and research related to fall. Therefore, among recent foreign and our literatures studying literature review of frequency of fall, risk factors and assessing method for fall, and the management of fall prevention program, I would like to find research direction. Conclusivelly, we should study extensively the survey of the elderly's fall and on the basis of it, developing fall prevention program, promote the elderly' s health through fall prevention.
Aged* ; Fractures, Bone ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Quality of Life ; Risk Factors

No abstract available.
Hope* ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction*

No abstract available.
Ethics* ; Stem Cell Research* ; Stem Cells*

No abstract available.
Choledocholithiasis*

BACKGROUND: Menopause leads to rapid bone loss, mainly as a result of estrogen deficiency and peri and postmenopausal symptoms are related with estrogen deficiency. We investigated the relationship between peri and postmenopausal symptoms and vertebral bone mineral density(BMD). METHODS: Study subjects were women aged above 40 years underwent a vertebral bone density measurement with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). We examined the relationship between the menopausal symptoms by Kupperman index including vasomotor symptom and vertebral BMD in 74 perimenopausal and 205 postmenopausal women. RESULTS: On the basis of vertebral fracture threshold, 169 subjects were osteoporotic group and the others were nonosteoporotic group. Menopausal index was significantly high in osteoporotic group. And the osteoporotic one also complained of vasomotor symptom more severely. These findings were more definite during perimenopausal and early postmenopausal periods than late period. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that menopausal symptoms of peri and early menopausal period are significantly related with vertebral bone loss and helpful in predicting the vertebral osteoporosis.
Bone Density* ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Osteoporosis ; Postmenopause

No abstract available.
Gastrectomy* ; Stomach Neoplasms*

The literature review about bladder management method given to maintain and improve health of neurogenic bladder patients was done. Because the study of neurogeinc bladder patients in nursing field is not enough, I tried to find report the study tendency through literature review. 1. There are five types of neurogenic bladder such as uninhibited neurgenic bladder, reflex neurogenic bladder, automonous neurogenic bladder, sensory paralytic neurogenic bladder, and motor paralytic neurogenic bladder. 2. The accurate assessment of neurogenic bladder is done mainly through urodynamics and especially cystometrogram and urethrogram are used. 3. As the study of therapeutic management, the effect of Desmopressin, bladder autoaugmentation, incision of external urethral sphincter muscle, subarachnoid block and pudendal never block using phenol was studied. 4. For the study of general management, the effect of bladder training program, intermittent catheterization and infection control has been studied but there has not been any obvious study in nursing field. Reviewed the study condition, it is necessary to develop bladder training program in order to increase life quality of neurogenic bladder patients.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin ; Education ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Nursing ; Phenol ; Quality of Life ; Reflex ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic* ; Urodynamics

A meta-analysis of 13 quasi-experimental studies was conducted to determine the effect of various nursing interventions applied to surgery patients. The studies were selected from dissertations done between 1982 to 1996 and had randomized or nonequivalent control groups in a pretest-post test design. The studies were classified according to three criteria : 1) types of surgery 2) types of nursing interventions 3) types of respondent variables. The following analysis was done : 1) Determination of usefulness of nursing interventions for surgery patients. 2) The magnitude of effect for each study was tested for different types of surgery, nursing interventions and outcome variables. 3) For a group of homogenious studies, the weighted mean effect size and standard error were estimated. Some findings are summarized as follows : Nursing interventions on relaxation effect applied to surgery patients have resulted in a significant effect size on pain, anxiety, and BP stabilization. Relaxation and music therapy were more effective on surgery patients than either education, heat therapy, or purposeful touch. It was impossible to identify which type of surgery was more effected by these interventions. On the basis of these findings, the following recommendations were made : 1) Many studies on the same kind of intervention applied to similar surgery patients should be accumulated continuously to identify factors that affect the effect size. 2) The detailed explanation of research process, such as, assignment method to experimental and control groups, starting points, duration and frequency of nursing interventions, and estimation of the outcome variables should be described in orther to be utilized for further research and practice.
Anxiety ; Education ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Music Therapy ; Nursing* ; Relaxation ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify patterns and trends of hardiness studies and to suggest the direction of further research. METHOD : Forty-seven hardiness studies were collected through internet searching and were reviewed by some criteria. RESULT : The results showed that hardiness studies have increased rapidly since 1990's. Eighteen studies were thesis' for degrees and others were for non- degree research studies. All studies employed the non-experimental design, particularly correlational studies. In the sampling method, all studies used non-probability sampling. Most commonly used instrument for hardiness measurement was Pollock(1986)'s HRHS. In the majority of research, hardiness was treated both as a composite measure and 3 subscales. Hardiness-related concepts were 27 and classified into 5 categories such as health behavior, stress, adaptation, support, and others. Most common statistical technique was Pearson's correlation coefficient, followed by regression, ANOVA, path analysis. CONCLUSION: To be utilized as practical nursing knowledge, hardiness studies should be done with more empirical analysis such as experimental research, and Meta-analysis is needed to compare the effect size and significance of composit and 3 subscales of hardiness construct.
Health Behavior ; Internet ; Korea* ; Nursing* ; Nursing, Practical