Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

Objective: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective in treating gaming disorder (GD). However, studies have not comprehensively evaluated the most effective NPIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NPIs on the prevention and reduction of GD in the general population with GD. Methods: We searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) for English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published till May 12, 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB2). Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effect model, with effect sizes calculated using Hedges’s g and heterogeneity assessed using I2 statistics. Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1,950 participants were included. The NPIs included psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, and other strategies. The pooled analysis showed a significant reduction in GD severity (Hedges’s g=-0.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.23 to -0.52; I2=90.36%). Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, showed the most substantial effect (10 studies, 1,036 participants; Hedges’s g=-1.34). Behavioral interventions (4 studies, 456 participants) and prevention-focused interventions (6 studies, 1,164 participants) had smaller but positive effects. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effectiveness of treatment interventions in adults than in adolescents. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results despite high heterogeneity (I2=90.36%). Conclusion NPIs, particularly psychotherapy, are effective in reducing GD severity. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed robust, evidence-based treatment guidelines.

No abstract available.

The superficial lymph nodes may be enlarged in consequence of biologic or non-biologic antigenic stimuli, lymphoreticular maligna ntneoplasm, metastatic tumor or infiltrative disorders such as histiocytosis-X, and biopsy of the enlarged superficial lymph node is a time-honored diagnostic, therapeutic and follow-up tool. At present it is performed with ease and wideness. But in Korea there is no comprehensive studies about the diseases involving superficial ly-mph nodes of pediatric ages based on clinical and histopathological aspects. The present study is an sttempt to research for the histopathological aspects. The present study is an attempt to research for the histopathological findings of the superficial lymphadenopathy in correlation with the clinical characteristics. The histopathological findings of enlarged superficial lymph nodes, biopsied in Yonsei Univ-ersity Hospital for a 5year-period from 1976 to 1980, were reviewed. All patients were under 15year-old age, whose chief complaints were palpable lymph node with or without other sympt-oms. The results were as follows; 1. Of the 150 enlarged superficial lymph nodes, the male to female ratio was 1.68:1. Most of the biopsies were performed after the preschool age group and only 8 were of neonate or inf-ancy. 2. Of the 150 enlarged superficial lymph nodes, 79(52.7%) showed reactive hyperplasia, and inflammatory and malignant lymphadenopathies were 37.3% and 10.0% respectively. 3. Nonspecific reactive hyperplasia was the most common cause of the superfical lymphad-enopathy in pediatric ages, being 52.1% of total. Tuberculous lymphadenitis comprised 26.7%, being the 2nd most common cause, and of the 15 malignant lymphadenopathy 11 were primary lymphoreticular and 6 of the latter were histiocytic medullary reticulosis. 4. Ten percent of the patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis were of infancy, but none of those with both primary and metastatic malignant lymphadenopathy was of that age group. 5. The clinical symptoms and signs observed were fever, hepatosplenomegaly, gastrointest-inal symptoms and signs, rash, upper respiratory infection and others, irrespective of the histol-ogical classification. 6. The duration of superficial lymphadenopathy was less than 6 months in most cases of fu-ngal, acute and subacute nonspecific inflammatory and malignant origin, whereas it was more than 6 months in 38.5% of tyberculous lymphadentis and 41.7% of nonspecific reactive. 7. Superficial lymph node enlargement was most frequently found at cervical area which was followed by inguinal and axillary areas. 8. The superficial lymphadenopathy involved a single node in 63.9% of tuberculous origin but it tended to involve multiple ondes of one or more anatomical sites in nonspecific inflamm-ation, fungal infection, nonspecific reactive hyperplasia and malignancy. 9. The enlarged superficial lymph noded tendes to be soft and nontender in tuberculosis and nonspecific reactive hyperplasia, in contrast to the acute and subacute lymphadenitis and mali-gnant lymphadenopathy where they were more commonly hard with variable tenderness.
Biopsy ; Classification ; Exanthema ; Female ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphadenitis ; Lymphatic Diseases* ; Male ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node

There has been little data on the prevalence of supplement use and the characteristics of the dietary supplement users in the Republic of Korea. This study presents the prevalence and the details of any dietary supplement use and the characteristics of the adults who use dietary supplements in the Republic of Korea. Between May 18 and June 16, 2006, nationwide and population-weighted personal interviews with 6,201 adult aged from 30 to 69 years were conducted and the final sample consisted of 3,000 people with a 49.8% response rate. We examined the prevalence and details of the use of dietary supplements and the characteristics of those who use the dietary supplement among adults. About sixty two percent of adults had taken any dietary supplement during the previous 12-month period in 2006. The most commonly reported dietary supplement was ginseng, followed by multivitamins, glucosamine, probiotics, and vitamin C. Female (versus male), an older age group, a higher family income, those living in metropolitan cities, those with marital experience, those with a higher level of education, and those having medical problems had a greater likelihood of reporting the use of any dietary supplements. The particular relationships differed depending on the type of supplement. The most Korean adults took one more dietary supplement and the dietary supplement users had different demographic and health characteristics compared to those of the nonusers. Research on diet supplements by the medical community is needed in the future.
Adult ; Aged ; Ascorbic Acid ; Complementary Therapies ; Demography ; Diet ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Glucosamine ; Humans ; Morinda ; Panax ; Prevalence ; Probiotics ; Republic of Korea

BACKGROUND: Fosinopril is a new phosphorous containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. To assess the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of fosinopril, the clinical trial was done in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. METHODS: In 30 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, we administered fosinopril 10-20mg once daily for 10 weeks and checked their blood pressure every 2 weeks. RESULTS: The blood pressure decreased from 158+/-12.3/103.4+/-4.2mmHg to 139+/-7.5/88.4+/-5.9mmHg at the end of treatment(p<0.05). Heart rate did not change significantly during therapeutic period. Of 30 patients, the efficacy of fosinopril therapy disclosed 25 patients(83.7%) with normal diastolic pressure of more than 10mmHg decline of diastolic blood pressure. But two patients had no effects and three patients were not followed up. The adverse reactions due to fosinopril were reported in 3 patients(10%) with dry cough, 2 patients with palpitation(6.7%) and 1 patient with weakness(3.3%), but there were no patients who discontinued fosinopril due to adverse effect. CONCLUSION: Fosinopril has an excellent antihypertensive effect at low dosage as a first line antihypertensive agent or as a substituting agent for other antihypertensives in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Blood Pressure ; Cough ; Fosinopril* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

BACKGROUND: Cicletanine is a new antihypertensive agent, derived from the furopyridine family. It acts directly on vascular smooth muscle by increasing prostacyclin synthesis and decreasing intracytosolic calcium. In order to investigate the efficacy and safety of cicletanine, a clinical study was performed in the patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. METHOD: The study subject consisted of 30 patients with diastolic blood pressure of 95mmHg~114mmHg(mean age : 55.1+/-7.9 years, 13 males and 17 females). Cicletanine was administrated orally in a daily dose of 100mg Q.D. for 12 weeks after the administration of a placebo for 2 weeks. During cicletanine medication, antihypertensive efficacy, clinical side effects and laboratory changes were monitored. RESULT: Cicletanine decreased mean blood pressure from the baseline value of 123.6+/-3.4mmHg to 108.6+/-7.5mmHg(p<0.001) after 2 weeks, 105.0+/-7.4mmHg after 4 weeks, 103.9+/-6.6mmHg after 6 weeks, 102.5+/-8.9mmHg after 8 weeks, 101.4+/-6.8mmHg after 10 weeks and 99.6+/-6.6mmHg after 12 weeks of medication. There was a highly significant decrease in blood pressure at each of the assessments after 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 weeks of medication when compared to the baseline value(p<0.001). Mean blood pressure after 4 weeks of medication showed a significant decrease when compared to the value after 2 weeks of medication, and the value after 12 weeks of medication showed a significantly decrease when compared to the value after 8 weeks of medication. Heart rate did not change significantly with cicletanine monotherapy for 12 weeks. There was no significant changes in blood chemistry, glucose, lipid and electrolytes. The side effect was pruritus(1 case, 3.3%). CONCLUSION: Cicletanine monotherapy with 100mg once a day regimen was effective and well tolerated in the patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Blood Pressure ; Calcium ; Chemistry ; Electrolytes ; Epoprostenol ; Glucose ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular