OBJECTIVETo analyze the association between abdominal obesity and blood pressure among 7-10 years old Chinese children.

METHODSA total of 40 495 children aged 7-10 years with complete height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure data were chosen from the data of 2010 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health. Based on the "Reference Norms for Screening Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Children and Adolescents" developed by Working Group Obesity in China (WGOC) and the waist to height ratio reference value for children (WHtR ≤ 0.46) , the children were divided into 4 body types (normal weight, simple abdominal obesity, combined obesity and other types). High blood pressure was defined as the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) higher than the P 95 blood pressure value of 2010 national student of the same gender and age. The prevalence of simple abdominal obesity, combined obesity and high blood pressure were described. Three groups (with 2165 children in each) of children with normal weight, simple abdominal obesity, combined obesity respectively were selected from the chosen ones matched by gender, age (within ± 0.5 years old) and height (within ± 0.3 cm) at the ratio of 1: 1: 1. The value of blood pressure and prevalence of high blood pressure were described.χ(2) test, analysis of variance and multilevel models were used to analyze the relationship between obesity and blood pressure.

RESULTSA total of 40 475 children were selected from the database, including 20 175 boys and 20 320 girls. The prevalence of simple abdominal obesity was 6.36% (2576/40 495), the prevalence of boys and girls was 7.41% (1494/20 175) and 5.32% (1082/20 320) respectively. The prevalence of combined obesity was 16.33% (6611/40 495), the prevalence of boys and girls was 21.30% (4298/20 175) and 11.38% (2313/20 320) respectively. There were statistical differences in the body type distribution of both boys and girls (χ(2) = 869.01, P < 0.01). The prevalence of high blood pressure was 9.62% (3896/40 495), the prevalence of boys (10.05% (2028/20 175)) was higher than girls (9.19% (1868/20 320)) (χ(2) = 8.59, P < 0.01). The value of SBP and DBP among combined obesity group (boys: (103.8 ± 11.3), (64.7 ± 10.1) mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa); girls: (102.9 ± 12.1), (64.5 ± 10.0) mm Hg) > simple abdominal obesity group (boys: (99.5 ± 11.2), (61.6 ± 9.9) mm Hg; girls: (99.6 ± 11.4), (62.6 ± 9.3) mm Hg)> normal weight group (boys: (97.4 ± 10.8), (60.5 ± 9.4) mm Hg; girls: (97.2 ± 10.8), (60.8 ± 9.4) mm Hg), and the differences were statistical significant (Fboys: 113.22, 62.05; Fgirls: 54.19, 32.31, P < 0.01). According to the results of multilevel model, among boys, compared with the normal weight group, the SBP of combined obesity group and simple abdominal obesity group was 6.0 and 1.8 mm Hg higher respectively (Wald χ(2): 17.55, 204.94, P < 0.01); the DBP was 4.0 and 0.9 mm Hg higher respectively (Wald χ(2): 6.37, 114.05, P < 0.05). Among girls, the SBP was 5.0 and 2.1 mm Hg higher respectively (Wald χ(2):16.47, 92.52, P < 0.01); the DBP was 3.5 and 1.6 mm Hg higher respectively (Wald χ(2): 12.29, 57.52, P < 0.01). Comparing with normal group, the risk of high SBP among boys with simple abdominal obesity was higher (OR = 1.48; 95%CI: 1.06-2.06), and both the boys (SBP: OR = 3.06; 95%CI: 2.28-4.11) ; DBP: OR = 2.72; 95%CI: 1.99-3.72) and girls (SBP: OR = 2.48; 95%CI: 1.75-3.53; DBP: OR = 2.64; 95%CI: 1.82-3.93) in combined obesity group had a higher risk of high SBP and high DBP.

CONCLUSIONSimple abdominal obesity is associated with the increasing of blood pressure in children, and combined obesity has a closer ties than simple abdominal obesity.

Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Male ; Obesity, Abdominal ; epidemiology ; Pediatric Obesity ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo assess the cardiovascular disease-related risk levels among hypertensive people in Zhejiang.

METHODSSubjects were selected from local residents aged ≥18 years old, using the multi stage stratified-random sampling method. All participants accepted physical examinations including blood tests for lipids, fasting blood glucose, 2 hours blood glucose and physical measurements for obesity and blood pressure in the year 2010.

RESULTSTotally, 17 437 subjects were finally included in the study, in which 5 227 were diagnosed as having hypertension, with 'grade one hypertension' the majority. Cardiovascular disease-related risk factors would include older age (male >55 years, female >65 years), smoking, abnormal fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, abnormal TC, abnormal HDL-C, abdominal obesity and obesity, with rates as 42.78% , 20.89%, 5.31%, 8.35%, 9.87%, 35.66%, 40.55% and 13.93%. Most of the hypertensive people had two (30.44%) or three risk factors (29.96%). Proportions of low, medium, high or very high risks were 9.70% , 47.71% , 18.81% and 23.78% , respectively in those people with hypertension. Significant differences on cardiovascular risk stratification were found between age groups, sex and regions. There were also statistically significant differences noticed, regarding the levels of cardiovascular disease related risks between in patients aware or unaware of the diseases, under control or uncontrolled of the situation.

CONCLUSIONPeople under high risk or very high risk on cardiovascular disease did exist in Zhejiang, especially in those 60-year-olds, males and urban residents.

Aged ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Obesity, Abdominal ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; epidemiology

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of cardio-metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in (Hebei, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Hunan) 4 provinces of China and the influence of demographic and economic characteristics on them. Methods: A total of 1 747 children and adolescents aged 7-17 from a Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease in 2018 were selected. High waist circumference, central obesity, elevated TG, elevated TC, elevated LDL-C, decreased HDL-C, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and clustering of risk factors was analyzed. χ² test was used for univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between demographic and economic factors and risk factors, and the Cochran-Armitage trend test was used for trend analysis. Results: The detection rates of high waist circumference, decreased HDL-C, elevated blood pressure, elevated TG, elevated blood glucose, central obesity, elevated TC, and elevated LDL-C were 29.08%, 15.28%, 13.17%, 13.05%, 11.79%, 7.33%, 6.53%, and 5.15%, respectively. The rate of clustering of risk factors was 18.37%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of high waist circumference in girls was higher than that in boys (OR=1.67, 95%CI: 1.26-2.22), and the risk of elevated blood glucose and clustering of risk factors was lower than that in boys (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.49-0.99; OR=0.72, 95%CI: 0.53-0.99). The risk of high waist circumference, decreased HDL-C, and clustering of risk factors in 13-17 years old group was higher than that in the 7-year-olds group (OR=2.24, 95%CI: 1.65-3.04; OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.20-2.11; OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.26-2.44), but the risk of central obesity was lower (OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.37-0.78). The risk of elevated TC, elevated TG, and decreased HDL-C in children and adolescents in southern was higher than that in northern parts of China (OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.25-2.83; OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.17-2.22; OR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.19-2.04), but the risk of high waist circumference and central obesity was lower than that in northern China (OR=0.57, 95%CI: 0.43-0.75; OR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.42-0.90). The risk of decreased HDL-C in rural children and adolescents was higher than in urban children and adolescents (OR=1.36, 95%CI: 1.02-1.83). The risk of multiple risk factors increased with the increase in average monthly household income per capita and BMI level. Conclusions: High waist circumference, decreased HDL-C and elevated blood pressure were prominent cardio-metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in 4 provinces of China in 2018. The region, average monthly household income per capita, and BMI were the main influencing factors of cardio-metabolic risk factors.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology* ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Blood Glucose ; Cohort Studies ; Body Mass Index ; Risk Factors ; Obesity ; Hypertension ; China/epidemiology* ; Waist Circumference

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between adiponectin and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related diseases in older adults from major cities of China.

METHODSA total of 2 049 adults at the age of 60-96 years from 18 major cities of China were enrolled in the study. Plasma adiponectin and insulin concentrations were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The definitions proposed by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NLHBI) were used to identify MetS.

RESULTSThe adiponectin concentration increased with the advance of age and was higher in women than in men. The sex specific adiponectin concentration was inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose and fasting blood insulin, and positively correlated with HDL-C (P < 0.001). The adiponectin concentration decreased with increasing MetS components. Compared with the 4th sex-specific adiponectin quartile, the odds ratio (OR) for prevalent MetS-IDF and MetS-AHA/NLHBI in subjects of the 1st quartile group was 3.25 (95% CI: 2.24, 4.71) and 3.21 (95% CI: 2.26, 4.55), respectively. The association was independent of age, sex, life-style factors, medication, family history of chronic diseases, BMI, and HOMA-IR. The OR for MetS was much higher than those of MetS components and its related diseases.

CONCLUSIONAdiponectin is strongly associated with MetS independent of insulin resistance and obesity in older adults from major cities in China. The adiponectin concentration is a useful predictor for the risk of MetS.

Adiponectin ; blood ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; blood ; epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Sex Characteristics

OBJECTIVETo explore the risk factors of hypertension and risk population for adults aged > or = 25 in the mid-western rural areas of Shandong province and to provide evidence for development of intervention measure.

METHODSSubjects aged > or = 25 were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling method. All participants were interviewed with a standard questionnaire and physically examined on height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Classification tree analysis was employed to determine the risk factors of hypertension and high risk populations related to it.

RESULTSThe major risk factors of hypertension would include age, abdominal obesity, overweight or obesity, family history and high blood sugar. The major populations at high risk would include populations as: a) being elderly, b) at middle-age but with: high blood sugar or with abdominal obesity/overweight, or with family history, c) people at middle-age but with family history and abdominal obesity. Through classification tree analysis, sensitivity, specificity and overall correct rates were 71.87%, 66.38% and 68.79%, respectively on 'learning sample' while 70.70%, 65.84% and 67.97% respectively on 'testing sample'.

CONCLUSIONEfforts on both weight and blood sugar reduction were common prevention measures for general population. Different kinds of prevention and control measures should be taken according to different risk factors existed in the targeted high-risk population of hypertension. Community-based prevention and control for hypertension measures should be integrated when targeting the population at high risk.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Blood Glucose ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Overweight ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Sampling Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo examine the prevalence of obesity phenotypes and cardiometablic disorders (CDs) among children aged 6- 17 in Beijing from 2004 to 2013.

METHODSData were obtained from two cross-section surveys, which were conducted in 2004 and 2013. In 2004, by using stratified cluster sampling design, 20 primary or middle schools were selected from 7 districts (Xicheng, Dongcheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Daxing, Pinggu, and Yanqing) in Beijing, and 20 554 school children aged 6-17 were recruited, with weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure measured. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured in 962 subjects from one school. In 2013, by using the same sampling design, 7 211 students from two districts (Haidian and Dongcheng) were surveyed with weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure measured, and fasting plasma glucose and lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C) were measured for 1 344 subjects in the same school measured in 2004. Student's-t test was used to analyze the difference in body mass index(BMI), WC, and waist to height ratio (WHtR) among children between 2004 and 2010. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of hypertension, impaired fasting glucose(IFG), dyslipidemia, and metabolic disorders clustering between 2004 and 2010, and among different types of obesity; logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between three types of obesity and risks of cardiovascular metabolic disorders.

RESULTSIn boys, BMI ((20.3 ± 4.4) vs (19.4 ± 4.2) kg/m(2), t=11.18, P<0.001), WC ((70.6 ± 12.8) vs (66.7 ± 11.8) cm, t=17.20, P<0.001) and WHtR (0.451 ± 0.064 vs 0.437 ± 0.059, t=11.64, P<0.001) were significantly higher in 2013 than those in 2004. Similarly in girls, BMI ((18.9 ± 3.6) vs (18.7 ± 3.7) kg/m(2), t=12.21, P<0.001), WC ((64.5 ± 9.6) vs (63.0 ± 9.3) cm, t=8.15, P<0.001) and WHtR (0.430 ± 0.047 vs 0.423 ± 0.047, t=14.13, P<0.001) were also significantly higher in 2013 than those in 2004. The prevalence of combined obesity rose from 8.27% (1 697/20 526) in 2004 to 10.74% (774/7 209) in 2013, and central obesity from 3.08% (632/20 526) to 4.44% (320/7 209). The prevalence of hypertension (10.78%(313/1 344) vs 4.29% (42/962), χ(2)=36.76, P<0.001), IFG(49.54%(664/1 344) vs 6.45%(63/962), χ(2)=506.61, P<0.001), high TC(11.53%(155/1 344) vs 5.03%(49/962), χ(2)=28.31, P< 0.001), high TG(7.51%(101/1 344) vs 3.59%(35/962), χ(2)=29.59, P<0.001) were significantly higher in 2013 than those in 2004. Subjects with combined obesity had higher risks of hypertension (OR=5.88, 95% CI: 4.42-7.82), high TG (OR=7.12, 95%CI: 4.35-11.64), low HDL-C (OR=3.04, 95%CI: 1.55-5.95), high LDL-C (OR=2.27, 95% CI: 1.22-4.02), CDs≥2 (OR=3.07, 95% CI: 2.09-4.50), comparing to children without obesity.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of types of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, except for low HDL-C and high HDL-C, were significantly higher in 2013 than those 2004 among chlildren aged 6-17 year in Beijing. Children with combined obesity had higher prevalence of metabolic disorders.

Adolescent ; Beijing ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; Child ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dyslipidemias ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Lipids ; blood ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Obesity, Abdominal ; epidemiology ; Pediatric Obesity ; epidemiology ; Phenotype ; Prevalence ; Triglycerides ; blood ; Waist Circumference

OBJECTIVETo investigate the joint effect of birth weight and each of obesity measures (body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)) on abnormal glucose metabolism (including diabetes) at adulthood.

METHODSUsing the historical cohort study design and the convenience sampling method, 1 921 infants who were born in Beijing Union Medical College Hospital from June 1948 to December 1954 were selected to do the follow-up in 1995 and 2001 respectively. Through Beijing Household Registration and Management System, they were invited to participate in this study. A total of 972 subjects (627 were followed up in 1995 and 345 were followed up in 2001) with complete information on genders, age, birth weight, family history of diabetes, BMI, WC, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour plasma glucose (2 h PG) met the study inclusion criteria at the follow-up visits. In the data analysis, they were divided into low, normal, and high birth weight, respectively. The ANOVA and Chi-squared tests were used to compare the differences in their characteristics by birth weight group. In addition, multiple binary Logistic regression model was used to investigate the single effect of birth weight, BMI, and waist circumference on abnormal glucose metabolism at adulthood. Stratification analysis was used to investigate the joint effect of birth weight and each of obesity measures (BMI and WC) on abnormal glucose metabolism.

RESULTSThere were 972 subjects (males: 50.7%, mean age: (46.0±2.2) years) included in the final data analysis. The 2 h PG in low birth weight group was (7.6±3.2) mmol/L , which was higher than that in normal birth weight group (6.9±2.1) mmol/L and high birth weight group (6.4±1.3) mmol/L (F=3.88, P=0.021). After adjustment for genders, age, body length, gestation age, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, and duration of follow-up, subjects with overweight and obesity at adulthood had 2.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) =2.06- 3.62) times risk to develop abnormal glucose metabolism when compared with norm weight ones. Likewise, subjects with central obesity were more likely to develop abnormal glucose metabolism than ones with normal waist (odds ratio (OR)=3.35, 95%CI=2.49-4.50). In addition, compared to subjects with normal birth weight and normal BMI at adulthood, ones with normal birth weight and overweight (including obesity) at adulthood were more likely to have abnormal glucose metabolism (OR= 2.60, 95%CI=1.94-3.49); subjects with low birth weight and overweight (including obesity) at adulthood had the highest risk for abnormal glucose metabolism (OR=4.70, 95% CI=1.84- 11.99). The attributable proportion of interaction between low birth weight and overweight (including obesity) at adulthood was 48.5%. In addition, compared to subjects with normal birth weight and normal WC at adulthood, one with normal birth weight and central obesity at adulthood were more likely to have abnormal glucose metabolism (OR=3.18, 95% CI=2.33- 4.32); subjects with low birth weight and central obesity at adulthood had the highest risk for abnormal glucose metabolism (OR=4.78, 95% CI=2.01- 11.38); subjects with high birth weight and central at adulthood also had high risk for abnormal glucose metabolism (OR=4.35, 95%CI=1.38- 13.65). We found that the attributable proportion of interaction between low birth weight and central obesity at adulthood was 38.5% , and was 28.3% for interaction between high weight and central obesity.

CONCLUSIONThere was strong interaction effect between birth weight and overweight (especially central obesity) at adulthood on abnormal glucose metabolism at adulthood. Effective measures should be adopted to prevent and control adult obesity in order to offset the adverse effect of birth weight on long-term health risk.

Adult ; Birth Weight ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Obesity, Abdominal ; epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Overweight ; epidemiology ; Waist Circumference

OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional study was performed to examine if the serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level that is within its normal range is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and if the association between the waist hip ratio (WHR) and type 2 diabetes is different depending on the serum GGT levels. METHODS: The study subjects were 23,436 persons aged 40 years or older and who participated in regular health check-ups at 11 hospitals (males: 5,821, females: 17,615). The gender-specific quintiles of the serum GGT and WHR were used to examine the associations with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: The serum GGT levels within their normal range were positively associated with type 2 diabetes only in women. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.0, 1.0, 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 according to the quintiles of the serum GGT (p(trend)<0.01). The WHR was more strongly associated with the prevalence of diabetes among the women with a high-normal serum GGT level as compared with those with a low-normal serum GGT level (p for interaction=0.02). For example, the adjusted ORs for women with a low normal serum GGT level were 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.2, and 2.4 according to the quintiles of the WHR, while those figures were 1.0, 2.4, 3.6, 5.0, and 8.3 among the women with a high normal serum GGT level. However, in men, the serum GGT was very weakly associated with type 2 diabetes and the association between the WHR and type 2 diabetes was not different depending on the serum GGT level. CONCLUSIONS: Serum GGT within its normal range was positively associated with type 2 diabetes, and central obesity was more strongly associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes when the serum GGT level was high-normal. However, these associations were observed only in women, which is different from the previous findings. The stronger relation between central obesity and type 2 diabetes among women with a high-normal serum GGT level can be useful for selecting a group that is at high risk for type 2 diabetes irregardless of whatever the underlying mechanism is.
Blood Glucose ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/enzymology/*epidemiology ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity, Abdominal/*epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; *Waist-Hip Ratio ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase/*blood

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between dairy product intake and the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components among middle-aged Koreans. We examined 7,240 adults aged 40-69 yr without MetS at baseline over a 45.5-month follow-up period. They were taken from the Anseong and Ansan cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Dairy product intake including milk, yogurt, and cheese was assessed with food frequency questionnaire. At the follow-up, the incidence of MetS was 17.1%. The incidences of MetS components were as follows: low HDL cholesterol (16.2%), abdominal obesity (14.0%), hypertriglyceridemia (13.8%), hyperglycemia (13.3%), and hypertension (13.1%). Adjusting for potential confounders, dairy product consumption frequency was inversely associated with the risk of MetS and abdominal obesity. Hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) for dairy product consumption more than 7 times/week compared to never was 0.75 (0.64-0.88, P for trend < 0.001) for MetS and 0.73 (0.61-0.88, P for trend < 0.001) for abdominal obesity. HR for milk intake was 0.79 for MetS and 0.82 for abdominal obesity. The results of this study suggest that daily intake of dairy products protects against the development of MetS, particularly abdominal obesity, in middle-aged Koreans.
Adult ; Aged ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Cohort Studies ; *Dairy Products ; *Diet ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology ; Hypertriglyceridemia/epidemiology ; Incidence ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors

Central obesity has been reported as a risk for atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. The influence of central obesity on diurnal blood pressure (BP) has not been established. In this study, we investigated the influence of central obesity on the circadian parameters of BP by 24 hr ambulatory BP monitoring. Total 1,290 subjects were enrolled from the Korean Ambulatory BP registry. Central obesity was defined as having a waist circumference> or =90 cm in males and > or =85 cm in females. The central-obese group had higher daytime systolic BP (SBP), nighttime SBP and diastolic BP (DBP) than the non-obese group (all, P<0.001). There were no differences in nocturnal dipping (ND) patterns between the groups. Female participants showed a higher BP mean difference (MD) than male participants with concerns of central obesity (daytime SBP MD 5.28 vs 4.27, nighttime SBP MD 6.48 vs 2.72) and wider pulse pressure (PP). Central obesity within the elderly (> or =65 yr) also showed a higher BP MD than within the younger group (daytime SBP MD 8.23 vs 3.87, daytime DBP 4.10 vs 1.59). In conclusion, central obesity has no influence on nocturnal dipping patterns. However, higher SBP and wider PP are associated with central obesity, which is accentuated in women.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; *Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/*complications/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity, Abdominal/*complications/*epidemiology/pathology ; Registries ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Sex Factors ; Waist Circumference