OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the cognitive function of the elderly and to delineate the effects of sex, age and education on cognitive function. METHODS: The Cognitive Impairment Diagnosing Instrument(CIDI) was administered to the residents aged 70 years or more in Jookjang-Myun, Pohang City, Kyungpook. RESULTS: Mean percent decline were different among the CIDI subtests: concentration/calculation showed the greatest deterioration, performances on abstract thinking, higher cortical functions, and orientation in time declined by 20.3 to 29.5%, and long-term memory, memory registration, judgement object naming, and orientation in place showed modest decline. Performances on all the CIDI subtests were significantly correlated with age with correlation coefficients between -0.262 and -0.477. All subtest, but for short-term memory, scores were shown to be affected by education. Men scored better than women on all the CIDI subtests except for short-term memory and memory registration. CONCLUSION: All total and subtest performances of the CIDI were shown to be affected by sex, age, and education. However, memory registration and short-term memory revealed different pattern of decline according to the demographic factors.
Aged* ; Cognition ; Demography ; Education ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; Memory, Long-Term ; Memory, Short-Term ; Rural Population* ; Thinking

No abstract available.
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration*

Purpose: This study assessed the results of surgical treatment for Neer type-II and type-V unstable distal clavicle fractures via hybrid fixation with a locking compression plate and finger trap wire. Materials and Methods: From September 2016 to April 2018, 15 patients treated for Neer type-II and type-V unstable distal clavicle fractures using hybrid fixation were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical results were analyzed based on the radiological healing time, range of motion of the shoulder joint, American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) score, and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score. Results: The range of motion of the shoulder joint completely recovered to the normal range within 9.2 weeks on average (6−24 weeks). Furthermore, the follow-up of the clinical trial showed excellent results, including an ASES score of 98.5±2.3 and an UCLA score of 34.2±1.3. In addition, fracture union was successfully achieved in all cases, and was identified during week 15 on average. Conclusion For the treatment of unstable distal clavicle fractures, hybrid fixation is a useful surgical method with excellent clinical outcomes through rapid recovery of the range of motion of the shoulder joint after surgery.

No abstract available.

BACKGROUND: Nipple reconstruction following breast mound reconstruction is the final step in breast reconstruction. Although nipple reconstruction is a simple surgery, the psychological aspects of nipple reconstruction are thought to be important. Nipple projection is a key factor in determining patient satisfaction with the surgery. In the present study, the Hammond flap technique was introduced for nipple reconstruction. METHODS: Twenty-six patients who had undergone breast reconstruction from February 2008 to March 2012 were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients were evaluated based on preoperative photos, and their nipple diameters and heights were measured. Postoperative evaluation was conducted 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following nipple reconstruction. A questionnaire on patient satisfaction with the nipple reconstruction was administered 12 months after nipple reconstruction. Moreover, the same plastic surgeon scored nipple projection and overall cosmetic result of the new nipple. RESULTS: The mean projection was 4.4 mm (range, 3-6 mm), and it well matched the contralateral nipple. Twelve months following nipple reconstruction, the mean reduction rate in the nipple projection was 43.6%. Patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the nipple projection and the overall cosmetic result in 80.7% cases. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, compared with other techniques, the use of the Hammond flap technique in nipple reconstruction showed competitive results with regard to nipple projection and patient satisfaction.
Breast ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; Nipples* ; Patient Satisfaction ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency, location, and appearance of increasedattenuation of the liver adjacent to a mass during arterial-phase spiral CT in patients with hemangioma. Thecharacteristics of the mass associated with these findings were also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Usingspiral CT, 153 lesions in 114 hepatic hemangioma patients were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated thefrequency, location, and appearance of increased hepatic attenuation adjacent to the hemangioma, and determinedwhether lesion size varied according to whether or not there was increased hepatic attenuation. RESULTS: Areas ofincreased hepatic attenuation adjacent to the hemangioma were identified in 10.5% of cas-es(16/153) and seen inmasses which showed a homogeneously hyperdense (11/16, 69%) or peripherally hy-perdense pattern (5/16, 31%). Thelocation of increased hepatic attenuation was commonly the peripheral por-tion (9/16, 56%), and increased hepaticattenuation was frequently wedge shaped of the mass (11/16, 69%). Lesion size did not vary according to whether ornot there was increased hepatic attenuation. CONCLUSION: Increased hepatic attenuation adjacent to a hemangiomais not rare, and is usually located periph-eral to the mass. It is common in a mass showing a homogeneouslyhyperdense pattern.
Hemangioma* ; Humans ; Liver* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Spiral Computed

BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has more concentrated platelets than normal plasma (approximately 150-400x10(3) cell/dL). Platelets excrete several growth factors and cytokines that are associated with the healing and regeneration process. However, even though PRP is widely used, the mechanism or actual effect is presently unclear. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the levels of growth factors and platelet concentration rate. METHODS: Autologous blood for preparing PRP was obtained from healthy subjects aged 25 to 35 years. The samples were divided into 4 experimental groups (inactivated whole blood, inactivated PRP, activated whole blood with thrombin and calcium chloride, and activated PRP). The platelet counts in the blood were analyzed and the growth factors were quantitatively measured. A statistical analysis was performed by using Dunn's multiple comparison test. RESULTS: In the blood cell analysis, the platelet count of the PRP group was approximately 4.25 times higher than that of the whole blood group. In the quantitative analysis of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB, PDGF-BB, and transforming growth factor-beta of the inactivated and activated PRP groups were higher than those of the inactivated and activated whole blood groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the platelet count and the levels of PDGF-AB and PDGF-BB in the PRP were determined. Further, more research is required on the bioactivity level of the growth factors secreted during the process of PRP preparation and the potency of growth factors that can be exerted physiologically in vivo.
Aged ; Blood Cells ; Blood Group Antigens ; Blood Platelets ; Calcium Chloride ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Plasma ; Platelet Count ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor ; Platelet-Rich Plasma ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis ; Regeneration ; Thrombin ; Transforming Growth Factors

Shigellosis is an acute inflammatory colitis by infection to one of the members of the genus Shigella. It is known that various CNS symptoms including headache and seizure can develop with shigellosis. Encephalopathy with severe brain edema in shigellosis were rarely reported even in children as well as in adults. We report a rare case of acute encephalopathy with shigellosis showing severe diffuse brain edema which resolved rapidly with administration of steroids in an adult.
Adult ; Brain Edema* ; Brain* ; Child ; Colitis ; Dysentery, Bacillary* ; Headache ; Humans ; Seizures ; Shigella ; Steroids

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have reported on the effectiveness of fronto-lateral craniotomy in reducing the operating time and post-operative complications. However, no study has practically evaluated this method from the cosmetic point of view. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed this study for comparison of the clinical differences and cosmetic outcomes between the frontolateral craniotomy and the conventional pterional craniotomy for clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. We performed a retrospective analysis of the two groups based on their medical records and radiologic findings juxtaposed with their length of hospital stay, intensive care unit day and operation time, and the emergence of postoperative complication, mean size of aneurysm, and temporal depression. RESULTS: After careful comparison of the thickness of temporalis muscle between the craniotomy side and the contralateral side, the results clearly showed that the conventional pterional craniotomy group was asymmetric by a p value of 0.152 and the frontolateral craniotomy group was symmetric by a p value of 0.002. CONCLUSION: Frontolateral craniotomy could be a practical alternative for patients with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm in the anterior circulation including the posterior communicating artery, particularly those who are in a medically poor state or who highly demand minimal aesthetic mutilation.
Aneurysm* ; Arteries ; Craniotomy ; Depression ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Length of Stay ; Medical Records ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies

For the study on the teratogenic effects and its mechanism of FUDR on the developing rat fetuses, Sprague -Dawley rats as experimental animal and 5 -fluoro -2 '-deoxyuridine (Sigma chemicals) as FUDR were used respectively. On the day of gestation 10.5, 60 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg of FUDR was injected intraperitoneally, and sacrificed under ether anesthesia on the day of gestation 17.5. External congenital malformations such as hydrocephalus, lens defect, cleft palate, short tail, forelimb and hindlimb malformations were observed under stereoscope, and compared each other with control group. The results were as follows; 1. Congenital anomalies induced by FUDR were hydrocephalus, lens defect, cleft palate, short tail, and defects of extremities such as phocomelia, loss of first and second digits, undergrowth of digits, and syndactyly. 2. There is close relation between the rate of occurance of congenital anomalies and doses of FUDR in some organs. 3. There is significant differences between forelimbs and hindlimbs and between right forelimb and left forelimb in the rate of occurance of congenital anomalies of the extremities. According to the above results, it is considered that there is significant differences between the types and occurance rates of congenital anomalies induced by FUDR and the doses of FUDR. But distinct mechanism of action during teratogenesis of FUDR still remains unclear.
Anesthesia ; Animals ; Cleft Palate ; Ectromelia ; Ether ; Extremities ; Fetus ; Floxuridine* ; Forelimb ; Hindlimb ; Hydrocephalus ; Pregnancy ; Rats* ; Syndactyly ; Tail ; Teratogenesis