The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal effect of several kinds of denture lining materials containing nystatin and silver-zeolite on Candida albicans. Three commercially available tissue conditioners (Soft-Liner, Coe-Comfort, Coe-Soft) and two direct denture relining materials (Tokuso Rebase, Durabase) were selected. In terms of the zone of inhibition and some basic physical properties, I could find the following results ; 1. Nystatin or silver-zeolite included in those relining materials had definite antifungal activities against the Candida albicans. 2. As times went on, both of the antifungal agents's activities decreased gradually. 3. Antifungal agents did not affect the relining materials' basic physical properties. 4. Direct chairside relining materials showed unfavorable dark discoloration with response to sil-ver-zeolite.
Antifungal Agents* ; Candida albicans* ; Candida* ; Denture Rebasing ; Dentures* ; Nystatin

Background. Preterm infants with very low birth weight are at increased risk of invasive fungal infections. Preventive strategies are needed to improve their clinical course and survival.

Objectives. To assess the efficacy and safety of antifungal agents as prophylaxis in controlling invasive fungal infection and mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units.

Methods. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane databases, Google Scholar, Trip database, Herdin, and ClinicalTrials.gov without language restriction and publications from January 1988 to May 2021. We included randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials that compared the effect of prophylactic oral or systemic antifungal agents versus placebo in preterm infants < 37 weeks age of gestation and with birth weight lower than 1500 grams. We conducted a meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4.1 and certainty of evidence rating using GRADEpro software.

Results. A total of 14 studies (including 3,001 preterm infants with VLBW) were included. We found that prophylactic use of nystatin significantly reduced the incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFI) (pooled RR 0.16; 95% CI 0.11, 0.23; 4 RCTs, N = 1295; P < 0.00001; moderate certainty evidence) in preterm infants compared to placebo but had no significant effect on the mortality (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.62, 1.23; 4 RCTs, N = 1295; P = 0.43; low certainty evidence). Similarly, fluconazole decreased the incidence of IFI (RR 0.38; 95% CI 0.28, 0.53; P = 0.02) and showed statistically significant reduction in mortality (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.61, 0.99; RCTs, N = 1484; P = 0.04; high certainty evidence). The comparison of the two antifungals showed a trend favoring fluconazole, however the difference was not statistically significant in decreasing IFI (RR 1.60; 95% CI 0.68, 3.77; P = 0.28) and mortality (RR 1.62; 95% CI 0.76, 3.45; P = 0.21).

Conclusion. Administration of antifungal prophylaxis proves to be beneficial and can probably decrease invasive fungal infection and mortality. The evidence showed that Fluconazole is superior as antifungal prophylaxis compared to placebo while there is no significant difference between fluconazole and nystatin in decreasing fungal infection and mortality among preterm neonates.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of nosocomial bloodstream infections by Candida species has risen dramatically in the past two decades, and a noticeable shift in the species of Candida causing bloodstream infection toward non-albicans species has occurred. Also, the isolation frequency of Candida species are influenced by patient type, nation and region, study period, and investigators. The aim of this study is to investigate the isolation rates and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from blood cultures at Wonju Christian Hospital during the recent four years (1997~2000). METHODS: For one-hundred twenty-seven isolates of Candida species from blood cultures, we analyzed the isolation frequency by year, age/sex, and department. Identification of yeasts was done by germ tube test and ATB ID 32 C kit. Antifungal susceptibilities to flucytosine, amphotericin B, nystatin, miconazole, econazole, and ketoconazole were determined by ATB FUNGUS. RESULTS: The isolation rates of Candida species in decreasing order were C. albicans (44.9%), C. parapsilosis (21.3%), C. glabrata (14.2%), and C. tropicalis (9.5%). The isolation rates of Candida species by year were as follows; C. albicans decreased from 61.5% in 1997 to 33.3% in 2000; C. tropicalis decreased from 23.1% in 1997 to 5.0% in 2000; C. parapsilosis increased from 0% in 1997 to 30.8% in 2000; and C. glabrata increased from 7.7% in 1997 to 18.0% in 2000. Of 127 Candida species, all but one isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B. CONCLUSION: This data showed that the candidemia by C. albicans and C. tropicalis are decreasing trend, and candidemia by C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata are increasing trend in recent four years.
Amphotericin B ; Candida* ; Candidemia ; Econazole ; Flucytosine ; Fungi ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Ketoconazole ; Miconazole ; Nystatin ; Research Personnel ; Yeasts

OBJECTIVETo understand whether there were any differences of sensitivity to antifungals between the species of Saccharomyces (Candidas) isolated from oral cavity in the patients with oral candidosis and healthy volunteers. Observing the effect of nystatin topically used and discussing preliminarily the relationship between MIC and clinical effect in order to offer reference for clinical treatment.

METHODSThe experiment was carried on 61 patients with candidosis in experimental group and 43 healthy volunteers in control group and isolates of Saccharomyces were obtained by the oral rinse technical method. To isolate and identify Saccharomyces in oral cavity by CHROMagar Saccharomyces culture medium and test the MIC of several antifungal agents such as nystatin, ketoconazole and fluconazole against Saccharomyces by NCCLSM27-A microdilution assay. 31 patients in experimental group were administered with nystatin, observing the clinical effect a week later and comparing the results with the MIC.

RESULTS(1) The incidence of Saccharomyces was 78.69% and 30.23% in experimental group and control group respectively. The proportion of Saccharomyces albicans was 80.70% (experimental group) and 92.31% (control group). (2) There was no significant difference between the susceptibility of Saccharomyces albicans to fluconazole and ketoconazole (P > 0.05), but the MIC data of azole antifungals were lower than nystatin. (3) The susceptibility of Saccharomyces albicans to fluconazole, ketoconazole and nystatin was 95.65%, 80.43%, and 89.13%, and a few isolates were resistent to antifungal agents. (4) The effectiveness of nystatin was 87.10%, and there were a few cases which MIC differs from the clinical effect.

CONCLUSIONAt present, the resistance of Saccharomyces in patients with oral fungal infection is not significant, most Saccharomyces albicans are sensitive to fluconazole, ketoconazole and nystatin. The MIC of fluconazole and ketoconazole are lower than nystatin, implying when the clinical effect of nystain is poor, to use an azole antifungal is optional. The MIC is relative to therapeutic effect to some degree, but it is not consistent completely.

The antibacterial and antifungal activities of three schiff bases were evaluated against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Parallel experiments were also carried out with standard drugs (Kanamycin for bacteria and Nystatin for fungi). Two compounds [N-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxy-2phenylethylidine)-2',4' dinitrophenyl hydrazine, abbreviated as PDH and N-(2-hydroxy benzylidine)-2'-hydroxy imine, abbreviated as HHP] showed significant antimicrobial activities. The rest one [N-(1-phenyl 2-hydroxy-2 phenyl ethylidine) 2'-hydroxy phenyl imine, abbreviated as PHP] showed moderate activity. All these three compounds were found to possess pronounced cytotoxic effect. These compounds can be considered as potent antimicrobial agents.
Aldehydes ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Bacteria ; Benzoin ; Fungi ; Hydrazines ; Nystatin ; Schiff Bases

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of Candida species isolated from nonsterile as well as normally sterile sites is important because colonization of the former may precede invasive Candida infections. METHODS: We investigated the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species recovered in Busan Paik Hospital during the past 6 years and compared these results according to the type of specimens. RESULTS: Among the 2364 strains, C. albicans (53.8%) was the most frequently isolated, followed by C. tropicalis (17.5%), and C. guilliermondii (10.0%). Non-albicans Candida species were more prevalent in normally sterile sites (P<0.001); the prevalence of C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis was significantly higher in normally sterile than in nonsterile sites (P<0.001). The prevalence of C. parapsilosis was higher in blood, intravenous catheter tips, and ear discharge, whereas C. tropicalis was more frequently isolated from urine. C. guilliermondii was the most frequently isolated from bronchial washings. The susceptibilities of Candida species to 5-flucytosine, amphotericin B, nystatin, miconazole, econazole, and ketoconazole were 98.3, 99.3, 99.7, 94.9, 86.3, and 94.5%, respectively. The susceptibilities of the organisms from normally sterile sites were lower than those from nonsterile sites. CONCLUSION: The distribution of Candida species differed among various types of specimens, especially those from normally sterile versus nonsterile sites. We assume that the frequency of infections of exogenous origin is high. We presume that the candidemia of C. parapsilosis is associated with the use of central venous catheter and that C. parapsilosis is acquired from exogenous sources.
Amphotericin B ; Busan ; Candida* ; Candidemia ; Catheters ; Central Venous Catheters ; Colon ; Ear ; Econazole ; Epidemiology ; Ketoconazole ; Miconazole ; Nystatin ; Prevalence

A 11-year-old girl with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis(CMCC) has been observee since the age of 4 years. At first(November, 1978) there was a good response to treatment with amphotericin B intravenously of total 300 mg, but not to with oral administration of nystatin and local clotrirnazole cream. Since that time, she bas been admitted on different occasions for further evaluation and therapy because of recurrences. During the most recent hospitalization in October, 1985, she was suffered from herpes zoster in addition to CMCC. We treatecl her with analgesics and intravenous globulin for herpes zoster, and concomitantly with ketoconazole(200 mg/day) and 5-fluarocytosine for 20 days. At the end of this period, she was free of any clinical evidences of CMCC and herpes zoster.
Administration, Oral ; Amphotericin B ; Analgesics ; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous* ; Child ; Female ; Herpes Zoster ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Ketoconazole ; Nystatin ; Recurrence

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this ex vivo study was to compare the antifungal activity of a synthetic peptide consisting of 15 amino acids at the C-terminus of human β-defensin 3 (HBD3-C15) with calcium hydroxide (CH) and Nystatin (Nys) against Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C. albicans were grown on cover glass bottom dishes or human dentin disks for 48 hr, and then treated with HBD3-C15 (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 µg/mL), CH (100 µg/mL), and Nys (20 µg/mL) for 7 days at 37℃. On cover glass, live and dead cells in the biomass were measured by the FilmTracer Biofilm viability assay, and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). On dentin, normal, diminished and ruptured cells were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results were subjected to a two-tailed t-test, a one way analysis variance and a post hoc test at a significance level of p = 0.05. RESULTS: C. albicans survival on dentin was inhibited by HBD3-C15 in a dose-dependent manner. There were fewer aggregations of C. albicans in the groups of Nys and HBD3-C15 (≥ 100 µg/mL). CLSM showed C. albicans survival was reduced by HBD3-C15 in a dose dependent manner. Nys and HBD3-C15 (≥ 100 µg/mL) showed significant fungicidal activity compared to CH group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Synthetic HBD3-C15 peptide (≥ 100 µg/mL) and Nys exhibited significantly higher antifungal activity than CH against C. albicans by inhibiting cell survival and biofilm.
Amino Acids ; Biofilms ; Biomass ; Calcium Hydroxide ; Candida albicans ; Cell Survival ; Dentin ; Glass ; Humans* ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Nystatin

In order to obtain resistant mutants to nystatin, ultraviolet radiation and LiCl were used to mutagenize the protoplasts of taxol-producing fungi NCEU-1, and four positive mutants with high yield of taxol were screened out on nystatin flat. After further screening experiments on fermentation, a mutant strain--UL04-5 which was able to produce taxol with high yield and could be stably passed on in genetics was eventually found, it's ability to produce taxol was improved from 314.07 microg/L (strain NCEU-1) to 418.24 microg/L (strain U04-5).
Ascomycota ; drug effects ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Genetic Variation ; Mutagenesis ; Nystatin ; pharmacology ; Paclitaxel ; biosynthesis ; Protoplasts ; metabolism

Voriconazole is a second-generation triazole that has an enhanced antifungal spectrum, compared with older triazoles. It will likely become the drug of choice for treatment of invasive aspergillosis and many Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria and Fusarium infections. Voriconazole should not replace fluconazole or other antifungal agents for treatment of most Candida infections. The drug has more side effects and drug interactions than fluconazole. The oral formulation, with its excellent bioavailability, is available it is especially beneficial in patients with renal failure, who should not be exposed to the cyclodextrin vehicle used for the intravenous formulation. Caspofungin, the first inhibitor of fungal beta -1, 3 glucan synthesis, is effective for the treatment of mucosal and invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis. It is also active in vitro and in animal models against a number of other filamentous and dimorphic endemic fungi and in animal models of Pneumocystis carinii infection. Caspofungin has an excellent safety profile. Caspofungin may prove to be useful in empirical therapy for suspected invasive fungal infections. Additional clinical trial data that expand our knowledge of the usefulness of caspofungin for these and other mycoses is anticipated. The broad spectrum antifungal itraconazole is an effective and well tolerated agent for the prophylaxis and treatment of systemic fungal infections. The recent development of an itraconazole oral solution and an intravenous itraconazole solution has increased the options for the use of this drug. Intravenous itraconazole solution is at least as effective as intravenous amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of neutropenic patients with systemic fungal infections, and drug-related adverse events are more frequent in patients treated with amphotericin B. A large proportion of patients with confirmed aspergillosis also respond to the treatment with intravenous itraconazole followed by oral itraconazole. Liposomal nystatin is another promising antifungal agent that might be effective for treatment of invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis. More clinical data, however, is needed for clinical application.
Amphotericin B ; Antifungal Agents* ; Aspergillosis ; Biological Availability ; Candida ; Candidiasis, Invasive ; Drug Interactions ; Fluconazole ; Fungi ; Fusariosis ; Humans ; Itraconazole ; Models, Animal ; Mycoses ; Nystatin ; Pneumocystis Infections ; Renal Insufficiency ; Triazoles