Introduction: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is paradoxical clinical deterioration experienced by some HIV-infected patients in response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is still limited published data on IRIS from this region including Malaysia. This study aimed to determine IRIS prevalence, clinical manifestations and possible predictors among HIV-infected patients in an infectious disease centre in Peninsular Malaysia. Method: This retrospective study was conducted in Hospital Sungai Buloh involving secondary data of 256 HIV-infected patients who were initiated on ART in the year 2017. Medical record of each patient was reviewed for up to 12 months following ART initiation to identify IRIS diagnosis which was made by the treating physician. Relevant clinical and laboratory information were retrieved from hospital electronic database. Results: IRIS has occurred in 17.6% of patients. Infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (53.3%), Pneumocystis jirovecii (11.1%) and Talaromyces marneffei (6.6%) were the commonest three aetiologies of IRIS. Subacute lupus erythematosus was the only non-infectious IRIS identified. Baseline HIV viral load, CD4+ T-cell count and haemoglobin level between IRIS and non-IRIS patients were significantly different. Risk of developing IRIS was increased seven times in patients with CD4+ T-cell count < 100 cells/µL and four times in patients with HIV RNA viral load > 5.5 log10 copies/ml prior to ART initiation. Conclusion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections were the highest IRIS manifestation. Although rare, non-infectious IRIS does occur and should be part of the differential diagnosis. Patients with positive predictors should be appropriately monitored for possible IRIS development once initiated on ART.

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a potentially fatal and progressive angioinvasive fungal infection. It is classically described in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and hematological malignancies. This report describes a case of progressive rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes who was on prolonged prednisolone therapy for autoimmune kidney disease. The patient, who was a female, presented to hospital with headache, orbital pain and nasal bridge swelling. Black eschar on nasal mucosae was present on admission. Later, she was started on intravenous fluconazole for the diagnosis of fungal sinusitis. Subsequently, she developed intracerebral haemorrhage complicated with transtentorial herniation. Diagnosis of rhinocerebral mucormycosis was later observed by a laboratory finding and the treatment was changed to intravenous amphotericin B. However, the patient succumbed to her illness on the 6th day of hospitalisation. This report discusses the risk factors associated with rhinocerebral mucormycosis as well as the underlying pathogenesis. This report will also highlight the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for mucormycosis to improve prognosis in patients.