Background: Understanding the relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults is crucial for addressing age-related conditions like osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength with bone density in older adults. Methods: This systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, involved a comprehensive search across seven databases from 2014 to April 2024. Included were observational studies in English and Indonesian on adults aged 60 and older. The Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) tool assessed the risk of bias, and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) framework evaluated the evidence quality. Study selection was independently reviewed, and consensus was reached through discussion. Results: Ten studies were included. For muscle mass and bone density, five studies showed a significant association, while four did not. For muscle strength and bone density, four of seven studies reported a significant association. However, the evidence quality was low due to inconsistency. Conclusion The relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults shows variability and inconsistent evidence.

Background: Understanding the relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults is crucial for addressing age-related conditions like osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength with bone density in older adults. Methods: This systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, involved a comprehensive search across seven databases from 2014 to April 2024. Included were observational studies in English and Indonesian on adults aged 60 and older. The Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) tool assessed the risk of bias, and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) framework evaluated the evidence quality. Study selection was independently reviewed, and consensus was reached through discussion. Results: Ten studies were included. For muscle mass and bone density, five studies showed a significant association, while four did not. For muscle strength and bone density, four of seven studies reported a significant association. However, the evidence quality was low due to inconsistency. Conclusion The relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults shows variability and inconsistent evidence.

Background: Understanding the relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults is crucial for addressing age-related conditions like osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength with bone density in older adults. Methods: This systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, involved a comprehensive search across seven databases from 2014 to April 2024. Included were observational studies in English and Indonesian on adults aged 60 and older. The Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) tool assessed the risk of bias, and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) framework evaluated the evidence quality. Study selection was independently reviewed, and consensus was reached through discussion. Results: Ten studies were included. For muscle mass and bone density, five studies showed a significant association, while four did not. For muscle strength and bone density, four of seven studies reported a significant association. However, the evidence quality was low due to inconsistency. Conclusion The relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults shows variability and inconsistent evidence.

Background: The co-occurrence of frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition was well studied in inpatient and nursing home settings, which was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality. Multicentre data in community-dwelling outpatient setting were lacking. We aimed to find the prevalence of frailty, possible sarcopenia and malnutrition, their overlap and the associated factors in community-dwelling older outpatients. Methods: We collected data from community-dwelling outpatients aged ≥60 years in Indonesian geriatric care centres to conduct this cross-sectional study with bivariate and multivariable analyses. Frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition diagnoses were based on FRAIL scale, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus, and Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form, respectively. Results: The prevalence of frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition in community-dwelling older outpatients were 13.6%, 45.5%, and 5.3%, respectively. The prevalence of co-occurrence of frailty, possible sarcopenia and malnutrition was 3.3%. It was associated with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cerebrovascular accident (odds ratio [OR]=5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–20.61), cognitive impairment (OR=3.70, 95% CI 1.21–11.31), and dependent functional capacity (OR=11.62, 95% CI 3.38–39.99). Overlap of three evaluated syndromes was found in 24.1%, 7.2%, and 61.3% of subjects with frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition, respectively. It was characterized by a substantial proportion of female sex, older adults with low educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cognitive impairment, multimorbidity, and dependent functional status. Conclusion Approximately 1 in 30 community-dwelling older outpatients had overlapping frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition. The condition is associated with TIA and cerebrovascular accident, cognitive impairment, and dependent functional capacity. Standardized screening in community-dwelling older population is necessary.

Background: The co-occurrence of frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition was well studied in inpatient and nursing home settings, which was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality. Multicentre data in community-dwelling outpatient setting were lacking. We aimed to find the prevalence of frailty, possible sarcopenia and malnutrition, their overlap and the associated factors in community-dwelling older outpatients. Methods: We collected data from community-dwelling outpatients aged ≥60 years in Indonesian geriatric care centres to conduct this cross-sectional study with bivariate and multivariable analyses. Frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition diagnoses were based on FRAIL scale, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus, and Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form, respectively. Results: The prevalence of frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition in community-dwelling older outpatients were 13.6%, 45.5%, and 5.3%, respectively. The prevalence of co-occurrence of frailty, possible sarcopenia and malnutrition was 3.3%. It was associated with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cerebrovascular accident (odds ratio [OR]=5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–20.61), cognitive impairment (OR=3.70, 95% CI 1.21–11.31), and dependent functional capacity (OR=11.62, 95% CI 3.38–39.99). Overlap of three evaluated syndromes was found in 24.1%, 7.2%, and 61.3% of subjects with frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition, respectively. It was characterized by a substantial proportion of female sex, older adults with low educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cognitive impairment, multimorbidity, and dependent functional status. Conclusion Approximately 1 in 30 community-dwelling older outpatients had overlapping frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition. The condition is associated with TIA and cerebrovascular accident, cognitive impairment, and dependent functional capacity. Standardized screening in community-dwelling older population is necessary.

Background: The co-occurrence of frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition was well studied in inpatient and nursing home settings, which was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality. Multicentre data in community-dwelling outpatient setting were lacking. We aimed to find the prevalence of frailty, possible sarcopenia and malnutrition, their overlap and the associated factors in community-dwelling older outpatients. Methods: We collected data from community-dwelling outpatients aged ≥60 years in Indonesian geriatric care centres to conduct this cross-sectional study with bivariate and multivariable analyses. Frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition diagnoses were based on FRAIL scale, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus, and Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form, respectively. Results: The prevalence of frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition in community-dwelling older outpatients were 13.6%, 45.5%, and 5.3%, respectively. The prevalence of co-occurrence of frailty, possible sarcopenia and malnutrition was 3.3%. It was associated with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cerebrovascular accident (odds ratio [OR]=5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–20.61), cognitive impairment (OR=3.70, 95% CI 1.21–11.31), and dependent functional capacity (OR=11.62, 95% CI 3.38–39.99). Overlap of three evaluated syndromes was found in 24.1%, 7.2%, and 61.3% of subjects with frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition, respectively. It was characterized by a substantial proportion of female sex, older adults with low educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cognitive impairment, multimorbidity, and dependent functional status. Conclusion Approximately 1 in 30 community-dwelling older outpatients had overlapping frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition. The condition is associated with TIA and cerebrovascular accident, cognitive impairment, and dependent functional capacity. Standardized screening in community-dwelling older population is necessary.