Traditional Chinese medicine market is a typical market with information asymmetry, which may lead to "lemons" problem. Third-Party Certification is efficient path to solve the problem of information asymmetry. For this reason geo-authentic and commodity classes certification seems to be very important. But as we know, information asymmetry happen in the stages of traditional Chinese patent medicines market. So a signaling transfer mechanism, which can deliver the quality signal, is badly needed in TCM market. This paper analysis and design of signaling transfer mechanism based on Third-Party Certification, which called quality prestige index of TCM enterprises (QPITCM). QPITCM can display quality information as a signal run through the TCM market.
Certification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; standards ; Quality Control

Wound healing is a complex and highly regulated process to maintaining the skin barrier function. Wounds of diabetic patients are hard or even not healing. Non-healing diabetic foot ulcers can lead to lower-extremity amputations. Diabetic wound healing problem is the main complication that leads to high disability rate of diabetes and can threaten the lives in severe cases. The healing of skin wounds requires the synergy of multiple factors to restore the injured skin to its barrier function. The mechanisms that cause it difficult to heal diabetic wounds are complex, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, decreased neovascularization, peripheral neuropathy, and imbalance of extracellular matrix accumulation and remodeling. This review classifies mechanisms of diabetic wound healing and provides a reference for its further research.

Pharmaceutical market is a typical market with information asymmetry, and which can lead to "lemons" problem. In all developed countries, firms must receive regulatory approval to market a pharmaceutical product. Such administrative department including SFDA, EMA, FDA and so on. Chinese materia medica is a special part of pharmaceutical market in China. The management of Chinese materia medica is a special challenge in China.
Accreditation ; Materia Medica ; economics ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; standards ; Reference Standards ; Social Control, Formal

The complex production processes and long industrial chain in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) market result in difficulty in Chinese market microstructure research. Based on the defining the logical relationships among different concepts. This paper divides TCM market into two stages as Chinese materia medica resource market and traditional Chinese Patent Medicines market. Under this foundation, we investigated the supply capacity, approaching rules and motivation system of suppliers in TCM market, analyzed the demand situation in the perspective of demand side, and evaluated the purchasing power in terms of population profile, income, and insurance. Furthermore we also analyzed the price formation mechanism in two stages of TCM market. We hope this study can make a positive and promotion effect on TCM market related research.
Materia Medica ; economics ; supply & distribution ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; Statistics as Topic

A dispute about the decreasing-price problem of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has recently arisen. This article analyzes the statistical data of 1995-2011 in China, the results showed that the main responsibility of expensive health care has no direct relationship with the drug price. The price index of TCM rose significantly slower than the medicine prices, the production margins of TCM affected by the material prices has been diminishing since 1995, continuous price reduction will further depress profits of the TCM industry. Considering the pros and cons of raw materials vary greatly in price, decreasing medicine price behavior will force enterprises to use inferior materials in order to maintain corporate profits. The results have the guiding meaning to medicine price management.
Commerce ; economics ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Health Care Sector ; economics ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics

Objective To explore the effect of recovery sleep on the executive function after 36 h of total sleep deprivation by event related potential technology.Methods Thirteen healthy male college students participated in two trials. At the first trial normal sleep as control was investigated. At the second trial participants experienced 36 h of sleep deprivation and then accepted 8 h recovery sleep. In each trial six Go/Nogo tests were employed to test the executive control function and the ERP data were recorded. Results There was no statistical difference in behavior and ERP results at each time point as the subjects had normal sleep. After 36 h of sleep deprivation, the behavior results were statistically significant when compared to the baseline. The amplitude and latency of Nogo-N2, Nogo-P3 on Fz electrode, the amplitude and latency of Nogo-P3 on Cz electrode showed statistical significance when compared to the baseline. After 8 h recovery sleep, the average correct reaction time and the Go correct reaction rate had statistical significance compared to 36 h value. The amplitude of Nogo-N2 and Nogo-P3 had no statistical significance compared to the baseline.However,it was of statistical significance[(-6.80 3.95)vs(-3.37 2.63)μV,(10.63±6.62)vs(5.63±5.45)μV,(9.49±7.37)vs(6.08±6.56)μV] compared to 36 h value. The latency of the recovery value of Nogo-N2 and Nogo-P3 was statistically significant[(254.14±15.55)vs(243.08±13.97)ms(382.14±41.07)vs(349.17±30.36)ms,(369.86±26.48)vs(347.48±29.24)ms]compared to the baseline.Conclusion As the time of sleep deprivation is prolonged, the executive function is impaired and the executive function is not completely recovered after 8 h recovery sleep.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical and radiologic outcomes of the Hybrid surgery (cervical artificial disc replacement combined with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)) and the effective of the adjacent segment.

METHODSBetween December 2007 to June 2010, 34 patients underwent 2-level cervical disc surgery. There were 17 patients underwent Hybrid surgery (Hybrid group), 17 patients underwent 2-level ACDF (ACDF group). Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA), neck disability index (NDI), and Odom's standards were evaluated. Dynamic flexion and extension lateral cervical radiographs were obtained in the standing position before surgery and at routine postoperative intervals of 1, 3, 6 months.

RESULTSBoth of the two groups had significantly improvement than preoperative in JOA (t = -8.790 - -5.803, P < 0.05) and NDI scores (t = 10.717 - 13.514, P < 0.05), but no significantly difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Both of the two groups had significantly decreased in the mean C(2-7) range of motion (ROM). The Hybrid group decreased from 46° ± 11° preoperative to 41° ± 8° at the 6 mouths after surgery (t = 3.170, P < 0.05). The ACDF group decreased from 45° ± 13° preoperative to 38° ± 15° at the 6 mouths after surgery (t = 6.709, P < 0.05). But there were no significantly difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the Hybrid group, both the superior adjacent segment ROM and the inferior adjacent segment ROM were decreased in the follow-up, there had significantly difference at the 1 and 3 months after surgery (superior adjacent segment: t = 5.622 and 4.032, P < 0.05; inferior adjacent segment: t = 2.879 and 2.207, P < 0.05), but no significantly difference after 6 months (P > 0.05). In the ACDF group, the ROM of the inferior adjacent segment was significantly increased at 3 and 6 months after surgery (t = -7.038 and -13.540, P < 0.05), the ROM of the superior adjacent segment was significantly increased at 6 months after surgery (t = -2.453, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSHybrid surgery has excellent clinical results and decreases the ROM of the adjacent segment in the following 6 months, meanwhile 2-level ACDF increases the ROM of the adjacent segment. The long-term clinical outcomes of the Hybrid surgery need more study.

Adult ; Aged ; Arthroplasty, Replacement ; methods ; Cervical Vertebrae ; surgery ; Diskectomy ; methods ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Diseases ; surgery ; Spinal Fusion ; methods ; Treatment Outcome

Carpesii Fructus is the fruit of Carpesium abrotanoides L. and is recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition). Carpesium abrotanoides broadly distribute in China. Traditionally, Carpesii Fructus was used as a parasiticide,especially for ascariasis,pinworms and tapeworm disease. In ancient times,the Carpesium plants were used as traditional Chinese,Korean and Japanese herbal medicines for the treatment of several diseases.Carpesii Fructus was first recorded in the book"Newly Revised Canon of Materia Medica"in the Tang Dynasty of China.The original plant is Compositae Arte-misia santonica (Seriphidium cinum) from middle east Persian. At present, Carpesium abrotanoides issometimes confused with the Lappula family in species classification. In the Song Dynasty of China,"KaiYang Materia Medica"recorded that the best Carpesii Fructus was from Persian.The main compo-nents of Carpesii Fructusare terpenes,phenolic compounds,flavonoids and coumarins. Including telekin, 3-epi-isotelekin, 11β-13-dihydro-1-epi-inuviscolide, carabrone, carabrol, terpene lactone, gerilin, carpesia, valeric acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, thirty-one alkane, sterol, etc. The chemical components isolated from whole plants of carpesia are more than 143. In clinical practice, Carpesii Fructus is mainly used as antiparasitic drugs and usually combined with other drugs since the poor efficacy as single drug. Its toxic reaction is closely related to the dose of the drug.Carpesia,asa main component of Carpesii Fructus, might lead to adverse reactions also. At present, Major issuesof Carpesii Fructusare the lack of phar-macological research,as well as lack of in-depth study on the material basis.Therefore,further studies are needed on the drug development and clinical usuage.

OBJECTIVE: To screen for LDLR gene mutations in 9 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). METHODS: All exons of the LDLR gene and flanking intronic sequences were amplified by PCR and subjected to automatic DNA sequencing. For patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations, parental DNA sequencing or T cloning sequencing was carried out to determine the parental origin of the mutant alleles. RESULTS: Direct sequencing of PCR products revealed 8 LDLR variants in 7 patients, which included c.259T>G, c.513delC, c.530C>T, c.682G>T, c.763C>T, c.1187-10G>A, c.1948delG, and c.1730G>A, among which c.1948delG was novel. Four patients have carried heterozygous mutations, two carried homozygous mutations, and one carried compound heterozygous mutations. The patients with biallelic mutations presented with a more severe phenotype compared those carrying heterozygous mutations. CONCLUSION LDLR mutations were identified in 7 out of 9 patients with FH. Among the 8 identified LDLR mutations, c.1948delG was firstly reported. Above findings have expanded the mutation spectrum of LDLR gene.
DNA Mutational Analysis ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II ; genetics ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Receptors, LDL ; genetics

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological features, treatments and prognosis of laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma (LNEC). Methods: We conducted the retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 12 patients with LNEC admitted to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from May 2014 to December 2021, including 9 males and 3 females, aged 50-77 years. There were 4 cases of typical carcinoid tumour (highly differentiated), 5 cases of atypical carcinoid tumour (moderately differentiated) and 3 cases of neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma (hypofractionated). The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of LNEC were analysed. Results: The clinical manifestations of LNEC varied according to the tumour type but did not correlate with the pathological types. The supraglottic type was characterized by sore throat, foreign body sensation in the pharynx, coughing, obstructive sensation when eating and choking on water. The treatments were determined according to the pathological types, lesion location and invasion scope. Of 12 patients 4 underwent horizontal partial laryngectomy plus elective lymphatic dissection plus postoperative radiotherapy/chemotherapy, 4 underwent vertical partial laryngectomy (3 of them with cervical lymphatic dissection), 3 underwent supported laryngoscopic plasma laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer, and 1 abandoned for treatment. With the follow-up of 8 -78 months, 5 patients were alive, 1 died from chemotherapy reactions, 3 died from other diseases, 1 died from lung metastasis, 1 died from lung infection and 1 was lost to follow-up. Conclusion: LNEC is clinically rare, the clinical manifestations are less specificity, diagnosis relies on pathological and immunohistochemical examinations, and treatment modalities and prognoses are closely related to the pathological subtypes of LNEC.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Laryngeal Neoplasms/pathology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology* ; Laryngectomy ; Carcinoid Tumor/pathology*