No abstract available.
Esophagus* ; Numismatics*

For pharmacometricians, probability theory is the very first obstacle towards the statistics since it is solely founded on mathematics. The purpose of this tutorial is to provide a simple version of introduction to a univariate random variable, its mean, variance, and the correlation coefficient of two random variables using as simple mathematics as possible. The definitions and theorems in this tutorial appear in most of the statistics books in common. Most examples are small and free of subjects like coins, dice, and binary signals so that the readers can intuitively understand them.
Mathematics ; Numismatics ; Probability Theory

Tumor of follicular infundibulum is the term coined by Mehregan and Butler in 1961 for a benign hyperplastic lesion that extends from the follicular infundibulum as an epithelial plate with underlying elastic fiber network. This tumor appears as a slightly elevated keratotic lesion and is characterized histologically by proliferation of follicular sheath epithelium in the form of a thin subepidermal plate. We present a typical case of tumor of follicular infundibulum in the left shoulder area of 74 year-old-man. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a solitary tumor of follicular infundibulum in Korea.
Elastic Tissue ; Epithelium ; Korea ; Numismatics ; Shoulder

The term 'isotopic response' was coined by Wolf to describe the emergence of a new skin disease at the site of another, unrelated, and already healed skin disease; most commonly herpes zoster. In the dermatologic literature, although a number of cutaneous lesions have been observed to develop at the site of healed herpes zoster, chronic cutaneous graft-versus-host reaction has been rarely reported. We herein report two cases of chronic cutaneous graftversus-host reaction which clinically presented as an isotopic response.
Herpes Zoster ; Numismatics ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Wolves

We report a case of a morphologic variant of dermatofibroma. A coin sized, brownish, shinny, somewhat fibrotic pedunculated tumor in a 39-year-old male was diagnosed as a sclerosing hemangioma, a type of dermatofibroma histopathologically. Its dome shape morphology was unusual in comparison with the typical morphology of dermatofibroma that we know.
Adult ; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous* ; Humans ; Male ; Numismatics

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid ; Numismatics ; Palate ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

Aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare, non-neoplastic condition, which was first coined by Jaffe and Lichtenstein in 1942. Clavicle is an unusual site for aneurysmal bone cyst. Authors present a case of aneurysmal bone cyst which was found in the right clavicle of a 5 years old boy, because of its rarity of site of predilection.
Aneurysm ; Bone Cysts ; Clavicle ; Humans ; Male ; Numismatics

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between substance dependence and poor decision making has received much attention in recent years. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that alcohol dependent subjects would demonstrate a more perseverative decision-making pattern, during ambiguous situations. METHODS: 15 alcohol dependent patients and 15 healthy normal controls performed a novel computerized decision-making task, which presented figures of coins. The subjects were instructed to guess whether the total number of coins was 'odd' or 'even'. Besides these two response, one could select a third alternative - 'pass' - in case the chances were assumed to be low. RESULTS: There was significant difference in performance between the two groups (F=4.339, p=0.008). The control group gained 15.4+/-14.4 points, whereas the alcohol dependent group lost 0.6+/-5.3 points. The normal control group demonstrated a tendency to make more pass responses as the trials were repeated. In contrast, the alcohol dependent group didn't make use of the alternative, but kept challenging between 'odd' and 'even', although they sensed that the chances were low. CONCLUSION: The alcohol dependent patients demonstrated a more rigid and perseverative response pattern and showed deficits in making use of compromise alternatives.
Alcoholism ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Numismatics ; Substance-Related Disorders

Morning glory syndrome is a rare congenital clinical entity that results from abnormal optic nerve development. In 1970, Kindler reported on ten patients having this anomaly and coined the term "morning glory syndrome" because of its similarity to the flower. The ophthalmoscopic picture is characterized by an enlarged pink excavated optic disk containing a mass of white tissue at its center, surrounding the disk is a wide, grey, elevated annulus of chorioretinal pigment disturbance. The retinal vessels appear as multiple radially oriented branches near the edge of the disk. Vision is usually markedly reduced. We experienced four cases of morning glory syndrome demonstrating various ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic features.
Flowers ; Fluorescein ; Humans ; Numismatics ; Optic Disk ; Optic Nerve ; Retinal Vessels

Currently we are living in an era of abbreviations. In almost every field of modern societies including government, military, hi-tech areas, and especially Internet communications, linguistic shortcuts have ever grown fast and furiously. Abbreviated words may save time and space and energy, however, may cause confusion and errors. These shortened forms of words or phrases include acronyms, clippings, contractions, blends, symbols and some slangs. Traditionally healthcare fields using rather a long terminology have utilized abbreviations and symbols in repeated and busy practices as well as in medical writings. Here how to make and use abbreviations especially in the field of medicine is reviewed and discussed. In order to coin a new abbreviation in a manuscript, it is advisable to follow certain principles to make an acceptable shortened form.
Abbreviations ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Internet ; Linguistics ; Military Personnel ; Numismatics