OBJECTIVE: To establish the droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for the detection of NPM1 type A mutation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to evaluate its specificity, sensitivity and its value in clinical application. METHODS: NPM1 mutant and wildtype plasmids were used to verify the performance of ddPCR. Both ddPCR and Sanger sequencing were used to detect the bone marrow samples of 87 AML patients, which were confirmed by next generation sequencing (NGS). Moreover, NPM1 mutation burden was dynamically monitored in five patients by ddPCR. RESULTS: The limit of blank (LOB) of ddPCR established for NPM1 mutation detection was 1.1 copies/μl, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 2.43 copies/μl, which had good linearity. Among the 87 newly diagnosed AML patients, ddPCR identified seventeen cases positive for NPM1 mutation (19.5%)， which was consistent with Sanger sequencing. NGS confirmed 12 positive cases, including 8 of type A mutations, 2 of type D mutations, and 2 of rare type mutations. The results of dynamic monitoring of NPM1 mutation burden in 5 patients showed that the NPM1 mutation burden decreased obviously even close to 0, when patients achieve complete remission after chemotherapy. However, the mutation burden was increased again at the time of relapse. CONCLUSION In this study, we established a ddPCR method for detection of NPM1 mutation with good sensitivity and repeatability, which can be used for screening NPM1 mutation in newly diagnosed AML patients and for minimal residual disease monitoring after remission in positive AML patients to guide treatment.
Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy* ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics* ; Nucleophosmin ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prognosis

: AbstractObjective: To identify the expression and methylation patterns of lncRNA CASC15 in bone marrow (BM) samples of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, and further explore its clinical significance. METHODS: Eighty-two de novo AML patients and 18 healthy donors were included in the study. Meanwhile, seven public datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were included to confirm the expression and methylation data of CASC15. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to determine the discriminative capacity of CASC15 expression to identify AML. The patients were divided into CASC15high group and CASC15low group by X-tile method, and the prognostic value of CASC15 was identified by Kaplan-Meier method and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The expression level of CASC15 was significantly decreased in BM cells of AML patients compared with healthy donors (P<0.001). ROC curve analysis suggested that CASC15 expression might be a potential biomarker to discriminate AML from controls. The expression of CASC15 was high at the early stage of hematopoiesis, and reached a peak at the stage of multipotent progenitors differentiation, then decreased rapidly, and was at a range of low level fluctuations in the subsequent process. Among FAB subtypes, CASC15 expression in M0 was significantly higher than that in M1-M7. Clinically, CASC15low patients were more likely to have NPM1 mutations than CASC15high patients (P=0.048), while CASC15high patients had a significantly higher frequency of IDH1 and RUNX1 mutations (P=0.021 and 0.014, respectively). Moreover, CASC15low group had a shorter overall survival (OS) in patients with NPM1 mutations. Furthermore, multivariate analysis confirmed that CASC15 expression was a significant independent risk factor for OS in NPM1 mutated AML patients. In addition, CASC15 methylation level in BM samples of AML patients was significantly decreased compared with healthy donors. Patients with CASC15 high methylation had poor OS and disease-free survival. CONCLUSION The expression of CASC15 is decreased in AML, and low CASC15 expression may predict adverse prognosis in AML patients with NPM1 mutations. Moreover, CASC15 methylation level in AML is significantly decreased, and high CASC15 methylation may predict poor prognosis in AML.
Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism* ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics* ; Nucleophosmin/genetics* ; Prognosis ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics*

OBJECTIVE: To detect the gene mutations in patients with myeloid malignancies by high-throughput sequencing and explore the correlation between gene mutations and prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 56 patients with myeloid malignancies who were hospitalized in the department of hematology, Peking University International Hospital from January 2020 to May 2021. The genetic mutations of the patients were detected by next-generation sequencing technology, and the correlation between the genetic mutations and prognosis of myeloid malignancies was analyzed. RESULTS: In 56 patients, the number of mutated genes detected in a single patient is 0-9, with a median of 3. Sequencing results showed that the most common mutated genes were RUNX1(21.4%), TET2(17.9%), DNMT3A(17.9%), TP53(14.3%) and ASXL1(14.3%), among which the most common mutations occurred in the signaling pathway-related genes (23.3%) and the transcription factor genes (18.3%). 84% of the patients carried multiple mutated genes (≥2), and correlation analysis showed there were obvious co-occurring mutations between WT1 and FLT3, NPM1 and FLT3-ITD, and MYC and FLT3. TP53 mutation was more common in MDS patients.The overall survival time of patients with NRAS mutation was significantly shortened (P =0.049). The prognosis of patients with TP53 mutation was poor compared with those without TP53 mutation, but the difference wasn't statistically significant (P =0.08). CONCLUSION The application of next-generation sequencing technology is of great significance in myeloid malignancies, which is helpful to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease, to judge the prognosis and to find possible therapeutic targets.
Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics* ; Nucleophosmin ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Myeloproliferative Disorders ; Mutation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) gene and its associated gene mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and analyze its clinical characteristics and prognosis. METHODS: The genomic DNA-PCR method was used to detect the exon of RUNX1 gene, and the gene mutations were analyzed by genetic sequencing. NPM1, DNMT3A, FLT3-ITD, IDH1/2, K/N-RAS, CEPBA, TET2, and WT1 co-mutations were also detected. Patients were followed up to determine efficacy and prognosis. RESULTS: Among 171 patients, the RUNX1 gene mutation was detected in 17 cases, and the mutation rate was 9.9%. The type of RUNX1 gene mutation was 9 missense mutations, 4 frameshift mutations, and 4 nonsense mutations. The peripheral blood leukocyte count of the patients in mutation group was 3 (1-101) ×10 CONCLUSION AML patients with RUNX1 gene mutation shows unique clinical and biological characteristics, RUNX1 mutation can be regarded as a molecular marker of poor prognosis in AML patients.
Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics* ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics* ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Mutation ; Nucleophosmin

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of gene mutation in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its effect on prognosis. METHODS: The clinical and laboratorial characteristics of 54 AML patients (≥60 years old) in Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital were analyzed retrospectively during April 2016 to October 2019. Thirty-four AML/myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm related mutant genes were detected by second-generation sequencing technology, and their clinical characteristics, treatment effect, and influence on prognosis were analyzed. RESULTS: All the patients received DAC+CAG induction treatment, after 1-2 couses of treatment, 36 cases (66.7%) achieved complete response, with a total effective rate of 75.9%, and the median survival time was 17 months. The most frequent mutant genes were TET2 (33.3%), CEBPA (31.5%), DNMT3A (18.5%), ASXL1 (16.7%), NRAS (14.8%), RUNX1 (14.8%), FLT3-ITD (12.9%), TP53 (12.9%), NPM1 (12.9%), and IDH2 (12.9%). Among 7 patients with TP53 mutation, 6 cases obtained complete response after 1-2 courses of induction treatment, but there was no statistically significant difference in the effect on prognosis. Patients with FLT3-ITD and NRAS mutations had shorter overall survival time compared with who had no mutation (P=0.47, P=0.48). Multivariate analysis showed that FLT3-ITD and NRAS mutations were poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSION The incidence of TET2 gene mutation is high in elderly AML patients. AML patients with TET2 and TP53 mutations may benefit from Decitabine-based chemotherapy. However, patients with FLT3-ITD and NRAS mutations have a short survival time, and may have a poor prognosis.
Aged ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics* ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Nucleophosmin ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of venetoclax (VEN) plus azacitidine (AZA) in patients with FLT3-ITD mutated relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (FLT3-ITD^mut R/R AML) and analyze the molecular genetic characteristics of the patients. METHODS: Clinical baseline characteristics and follow-up data of 16 R/R AML patients treatd with VEN plus AZA in the hematology department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital from November 2018 to April 2021 were collected. Leukemia related genes were detected by next-generation sequencing(NGS) or PCR. The relationship between the efficacy of VEN plus AZA and molecular genetics characteristics of patients with FLT3-ITD^mut R/R AML were analyzed. RESULTS: 14.3% (1/7) of the patients in FLT3-ITD^mut group and 22.2% (2/9) of the patients in FLT3-ITD^wt group achieved complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi), respectively, with no significant difference (P=0.69). There was no significant difference in overall response rate (ORR) (CR/CRi+PR) between FLT3-ITD^mut group and FLT3-ITD^wt group [42.9%(3/7) vs 44.4%(4/9), P=0.95], too. The median overall survival (OS) time of FLT3-ITD^mut patients was significantly shorter than that of FLT3-ITD^wt patients (130 vs 300 days, respectively) (P =0.02). Co-existing mutations of FLT3-ITD and IDH1 were detected in one patient who achieved CR. Co-existing mutations of FLT3-ITD and SF3B1 were found in one patient who achieved PR. Three FLT3-ITD^mut R/R AML patients accompanied with NPM1 mutation had no response to VEN plus AZA. CONCLUSION VEN plus AZA showed a certain effect on patients with FLT3-ITD^mut R/R AML. To improve OS of the patients, bridging transplantation is need. IDH1 and SF3B1 mutations might predict that patients with FLT3-ITD^mut R/R AML have treatment response to VEN plus AZA, while the combination of NPM1 mutation may indicate poor response.
Humans ; Nucleophosmin ; Prognosis ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics* ; Mutation ; Azacitidine/therapeutic use* ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics*

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical significance of translocator proteins (TSPO) gene in the treatment of FLT3-ITD/DNMT3A R882 double-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS: Seventy-six patients with AML hospitalized in the Department of Hematology of the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University from June 2018 to June 2020 were selected, including 34 patients with FLT3-ITD mutation, 27 patients with DNMT3A R882 mutation, 15 patients with FLT3-ITD/DNMT3A R882 double mutation, as well as 19 patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) hospitalized during the same period as control group. RNA was routinely extracted from 3 ml bone marrow retained during bone puncture, and TSPO gene expression was detected by transcriptome sequencing (using 2-deltadeltaCt calculation). RESULTS: The expression of TSPO gene in FLT3-ITD group and DNMT3A R882 group at first diagnosis was 2.02±1.04 and 1.85±0.76, respectively, which were both higher than 1.00±0.06 in control group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P=0.671, P=0.821). The expression of TSPO gene in the FLT3-ITD/DNMT3A R882 group was 3.98±1.07, wich was significantly higher than that in the FLT3-ITD group and DNMT3A R882 group, the differences were statistically significant (P=0.032, P=0.021). The expression of TSPO gene in patients who achieved complete response after chemotherapy in the FLT3-ITD/DNMT3A R882 group was 1.19±0.87, which was significantly lower than that at first diagnosis, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.011). CONCLUSION TSPO gene may be used as an indicator of efficacy in FLT3-ITD /DNMT3A R882 double-mutated AML.
Humans ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics* ; DNA Methyltransferase 3A ; Mutation ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy* ; Nucleophosmin ; Prognosis ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics* ; Receptors, GABA/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVE: To explain the clinicobiological heterogeneity of NPM1 mutated (NPM1^mut) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by analyzing the association between next-generation sequencing (NGS) profiles and MICM characteristics in patients with this AML subtype. METHODS: Data of 238 NPM1^mut patients with available NGS information on 112 genes related to blood disease was collected, and χ² test and nonparametric test were used to analyze the distribution association between NGS-detecting mutations and conventional MICM parameters. RESULTS: In entire NPM1^mut cohort, totaling 240 NPM1 mutation events were identified, of whom 10 (10/240, 4.2%) were missense mutations, which did not involve any W288 or W290 locus and were found exclusively in NPM1^mut/FLT3-ITD^- group. All but one of these missense mutations (9/10, 90%) were accompanied by AML subtype-defining recurrent cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities, of which 7 cases were in the low risk and 2 in the high risk. NPM1^mut occurred solely as an insertion/deletion (indel) type in the NPM1^mut/FLT3-ITD⁺ group. The incidence of favorable plus unfavorable karyotypes in NPM1^mut/FLT3-ITD^- group was higher than in NPM1^mut/FLT3-ITD⁺ group (6.4% vs. 0, P=0.031). The positive rates of CD34 and CD7 in NPM1^mut/FLT3-ITD⁺ group were significantly higher than in NPM1^mut/FLT3-ITD^- group (CD34: 47.9% vs. 20.6%, P<0.001; CD7: 61.5% vs. 29.9%, P<0.001). Logistic analysis showed that FLT3-ITD independently predicted for CD34⁺ and CD7⁺ [odds ratio (OR)=5.29, 95%CI: 2.64-10.60, P<0.001; OR=3.47, 95%CI: 1.79-6.73, P<0.001; respectively]. Ras-pathway mutations independently predicted for HLA-DR⁺ (OR=4.05, 95%CI: 1.70-9.63, P=0.002), and KRAS mutation for MPO^- (OR=0.18, 95%CI: 0.05-0.62, P=0.007). TET2/IDH1 mutations independently predicted for CD34^- and CD7^- (OR=0.26, 95%CI: 0.11-0.62, P=0.002; OR=0.30, 95%CI: 0.14-0.62, P=0.001; respectively), and MPO⁺ (OR=3.52, 95%CI: 1.48-8.38, P=0.004). DNMT3A-R882 independently predicted for CD7⁺ and HLA-DR⁺ (OR=3.59, 95%CI: 1.80-7.16, P<0.001; OR=13.41, 95%CI: 4.56-39.45, P<0.001; respectively), and DNMT3A mutation for MPO^-(OR=0.35, 95%CI: 1.48-8.38, P=0.004). CONCLUSION Co-existing FLT3-ITD in NPM1^mut AML independently predicts for CD34⁺ and CD7⁺, co-existing Ras-pathway mutation for HLA-DR⁺ and MPO^-, co-existing TET2/IDH1 mutation for CD34^-, CD7^-, and MPO⁺, and co-existing DNMT3A mutation for HLA-DR⁺, CD7⁺, and MPO^-, thereby providing a new mechanism explanation for the immunophenotypic heterogeneity of these AML patients.
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics* ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics* ; Nucleophosmin ; Prognosis ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics*

The clinical therapeutic regimen for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not significantly different between adults and children, which is mostly based on IA (idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside) induction chemotherapy. With the rapid development of sequencing technique, people's understandings towards the molecular and biological abnormalities of AML are increasing, diverse AML gene mutation-based targeted drugs have been rapidly developed and applied. In this review, several commonly gene mutations in AML (such as FLT3, NPM1 and C/EBPA) was described, and the therapeutic effects and differences of targeted drugs that used in clinical treatment or had been reported (like tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IDH1 mutation inhibitor and epigenetic modification inhibitor) in child and adult AML patients were summrized.
Adult ; Child ; Cytarabine ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics* ; Mutation ; Myeloproliferative Disorders ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics* ; Nucleophosmin ; Prognosis ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of RAS gene mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS: 43 myeloid gene mutations were detected using next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 180 patients with AML who were first diagnosed between May 2011 and February 2021. The molecular and clinical features of RAS gene mutations and their effects on efficacy and survival of patients were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among 180 AML patients, the proportion of mutations in RAS pathway-related genes were NRAS (14.4%), KRAS (2.2%), FLT3-ITD (13.8%), PTPN11 (7.7%), KIT (5.0%), FLT3-TKD (3.8%) and CBL (2.7%). Seventy-three (40.6%) AML patients had gene mutations associated with the RAS pathway.The number of peripheral blood white blood cells and the proportion of bone marrow primitive juvenile cells in patients with NRAS/KRAS gene mutation were higher than those of patient with RAS wild-type, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). NRAS/KRAS gene mutations were significantly associated with the CBL gene mutation(r=0.287). In young AML patients (age <60 years), there were no significant differences in complete response rate (CR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) between patients with RAS gene mutation and those with wild-type(P>0.05). In elderly AML patients (age≥60 years), PFS and OS in RAS mutants were significantly lower than those in wild-type patients(P<0.05). CONCLUSION In AML patients, RAS gene mutation is relatively common, and RAS gene mutation is associated with clinical characteristics and efficacy of patients, and may be a molecular marker of poor prognosis for elderly AML.
Aged ; Genes, ras ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics* ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Nucleophosmin ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics* ; Retrospective Studies ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics*