Peroxisome proliferation is a cellular response to many chemical compounds affects including natural and modified fatty acids, phthalate and adipate ester plasticizers, leukotriene antagonists, acetylsalicylic acid and certain pathophysiological conditions including dramatic change of cellular morphology and enzymatic activity. Peroxisome proliferation phenomenon is seen primarily in liver and kidney. Hormones and nutritional factor can regulate peroxisome proliferation response. Sustained peroxisome proliferation can lead to hepatocarcinogenesis. The three types of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, termed PPAR alpha, PPAR beta, and PPAR gamma, expressed in specific tissue, are consisted of a specific a nuclear receptor superfamily. After more than 10 years world wide research, the function of PPAR is clarified, as PPAR gamma, the master of thrifty genes, controls the expression of genes relative to adipogenesis, diabetes mellitus and obesity. The receptor is involved in transcriptional control of numerous cellular processes including cell cycle control, inflammation, immunoregulation and carcinogenesis.
Adipocytes ; cytology ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Energy Metabolism ; genetics ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivators ; Peroxisome Proliferators ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; genetics ; physiology ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo explore the possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect of liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mouse Kupffer cells (KCs).

METHODSThe KCs isolated from the liver of male KM mice and cultured in RPMI 1640 containing 20% FBS for 24 h were divided into control, LPS, T0901317, and LPS+T0901317 groups with corresponding treatments. The expressions of LXRalpha, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) in the KCs were detected by Western blotting. The levels of interferon beta (IFNbeta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in the supernatant were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTSThe level of LXRalpha protein was highest in T0901317 group and lowest in LPS group, and was significantly higher in LPS+T0901317 group than in LPS group but lower than in T0901317 group (P<0.05). The levels of IRF3 and GRIP1 protein were the highest in LPS group, and significantly lowered by T0901317 treatment (P<0.05). The expression of IRF3 and GRIP1 proteins in LPS group and LPS+ T0901317 group were significantly higher than those in the control and T0901317 groups (P<0.05). The concentration of IFN-beta was significantly higher in LPS group than in the control and T0901317 group (P<0.05), and decreased in LPS+T0901317 group in comparison with that in LPS group (P<0.05). IFN-beta was the lowest in T0901317 group. The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were the highest in LPS group (P<0.05), and comparable between the other 3 groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONPre-treatment with T0901317 before LPS stimulation can suppress the expressions of IRF3 and GRIP1 to inhibit the inflammation and hence Kupffer cell activation.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated ; pharmacology ; Inflammation ; chemically induced ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 ; metabolism ; Kupffer Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Liver X Receptors ; Male ; Mice ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2 ; metabolism ; Orphan Nuclear Receptors ; physiology ; Sulfonamides ; pharmacology

Steroid hormones play important roles in brain development and function. The signaling of steroid hormones depends on the interaction between steroid receptors and their coactivators. Although the function of steroid receptor coactivators has been extensively studied in other tissues, their functions in the central nervous system are less well investigated. In this study, we addressed the function of steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC3) - a member of the p160 SRC protein family that is expressed predominantly in the hippocampus. While hippocampal development was not altered in Src3
Animals ; Hippocampus ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Mice ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3/genetics* ; Synapses

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression and amplification of steroid receptor coactivator- 3(SRC- 3) gene in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and its clinicopathological significance.

METHODSImmunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to detect the expression and amplification of SRC- 3 gene in CRC, and its association with patient's clinical pathological features was analyzed.

RESULTSA total of 60 patients with CRC were studied. SAR- 3 proteins were overexpressed in 23 cases (38% ). There was a significant association between SAR- 3 overexpression and neoplasm staging (P< 0.01). SRC- 3 protein was overexpressed in 62% of patients with Dukes C or D stage, whereas SRC- 3 protein was normally expressed in 74% of patients with Dukes A or B stage. As for FISH study, 47 cases were informative. High- level amplification of SRC- 3 gene was detected in 6 cases(13% ) and all showed overexpression of SRC- 3 protein. Low- level amplification of SRC- 3 was observed in 9 cases (19% ). Overexpression of SRC- 3 was detected in 6 cases. The remaining 9 of 32 patients(28% ) without amplification of SRC- 3 gene were observed with overexpression of SRC- 3 protein. In addition, 91% patients with CRC were found overexpression of SRC- 3 as well as overexpression of P53.

CONCLUSIONThe abnormal expression of SRC- 3 gene might impact on the function of P53 and development of CRC. There might exist some unknown mechanisms other than gene amplification of SRC- 3 to regulate its encoded protein expression in CRC.

Biomarkers, Tumor ; genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 ; Trans-Activators ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of AIB1 gene in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its clinicopathologic significance.

METHODSTwo tissue microarrays, including 203 cases of ESCC, were prepared. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the amplification of AIB1 gene and expression of its encoded protein in ESCC. The results were correlated with various clinicopathologic parameters.

RESULTSIn the 203 cases of ESCC studied, FISH was successful in 115 cases. Amongst those, amplification/gain of AIB1 gene was observed in 15 cases, including high-level amplification in 5 cases (4.3%) and low-level gain in 10 cases (8.7%). As for immunohistochemical study, AIB1 protein was overexpressed in 94 cases of ESCC. There was a significant association of AIB1 overexpression and tumor staging. AIB1 was overexpressed in 66 of the 123 cases in advanced T stages (T3 to 4), compared with 25 of the 80 cases in early T stages (P = 0.008). Those cases with high-level amplification of AIB1 also showed overexpression of its encoded protein. On the other hand, 8 of the 10 cases with low-level gain of AIB1 showed protein overexpression. The remaining 41 of the 100 cases which did not have AIB1 gene amplification/gain demonstrated overexpression of AIB1 protein.

CONCLUSIONOverexpression of AIB1 protein caused by gene amplification/gain or other molecular mechanisms may play an important role in the development and/or progression of a subset of ESCC.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; genetics ; pathology ; Cell Movement ; genetics ; Disease Progression ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Female ; Gene Amplification ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; methods ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; pathology ; Male ; Neoplasm Staging ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Humans ; Ependymoma/pathology* ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1/metabolism*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of gambogic acid (GA) on the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in vitro, as well as the regulation of steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) to explore the relationship between them.

METHODSThe effect of GA on the growth of A549 cells was studied by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33258 staining. The localization of SRC-3 was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Western blot and RT-PCR technique were applied to assess the expression of SRC-3.

RESULTSGA presented a striking proliferation inhibition potency on A549 cells in vitro, as well as apoptosis induction activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The IC(50) value for 24 h was (3.17 +/- 0.13) micromol/L. Overexpression of SRC-3 was found in A549 cells, whereas the SRC-3 protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in A549 cells induced by GA in a dose-dependent manner. The location of SRC-3 was situated mainly in the cell nuclei.

CONCLUSIONGA exhibits a potent proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, which might correspond to the downregulation of the expression of SRC-3. Thus, it promises to be a new target drug for lung cancer treatment.

Adenocarcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Xanthones ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the inhibition of the expression of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) in the LNCap cell line through RNA interference (RNAi) and the effect of the silenced SRC-1 gene on LNCap cells.

METHODSThe experiment included four groups: siRNA transfection, siRNA negative control, bland vehicle (with Lipofectamine 2000 but no siRNA), and blank control (with neither Lipofectamine 2000 nor siRNA). LNCap cells were transfected with designed siRNA using the liposomes method, the expressions of SRC-1 determined by Q-PCR and Western blot, and the proliferation of the LNCap cells detected by the CCK-8 method.

RESULTSThe expression of SRC-1 mRNA in the transfected LNCap cells was decreased by 35% at 24 hours and 77% at 48 hours, with statistically significant differences from the blank control group (P < 0.05). The SRC-1 protein expression of the transfected group was 0.359 +/- 0.034 at 24 hours and 0.257 +/- 0.065 at 48 hours, markedly decreased as compared with that of the negative control (0.782 +/- 0.078 and 0.766 +/- 0.043) , bland vehicle (0.840 +/- 0.013 and 0.786 +/- 0.051), and blank control group (0.816 +/- 0.065 and 0.805 +/- 0.107) (P < 0.05). The LNCap cell growth inhibition rates were 25%, 52%, 55% and 60% at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe expression of SRC-1 is correlated with the growth of LNCap cells; its high expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells may be involved in the progression to androgen-independence. Inhibiting the expression of SRC-1 may be an option for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer.

Cell Line, Tumor ; Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Male ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; genetics ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics

The aim of this study was to obtain the soluble protein of human pregnane X receptor ligand binding domain (PXRLBD) through the coexpression of PXRLBD and 88 amino acids of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC88) and apply the protein to constructing a new model of screening PXR ligands. Expression plasmid of pETDuet-1-SRC88-PXRLBD was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) to coexpress PXRLBD and SRC88 via induction by IPTG at low temperature. Then an equilibrium dialysis model was constructed to study the interaction between PXRLBD and drugs including clotrimazole and dexamethasone, using HPLC as the analysis method. The results showed that the soluble protein of PXRLBD was obtained and the HPLC data indicated that clotrimazole bound to PXRLBD, while dexamethasone did not bind to PXRLBD, which indicated the successful establishment of a new method for studying the interaction between PXR and drugs. The new method may be useful in the screening of PXR ligands in vitro.
Clotrimazole ; metabolism ; Dexamethasone ; metabolism ; Dialysis ; methods ; Drug Interactions ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Plasmids ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Steroid ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transformation, Genetic

PURPOSE: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor that regulates expression of mediators of lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response. Thyroid hormone receptor-associated proteins 220 (TRAP220) is an essential component of the TRAP/Mediator complex. The objective of this study was to clarify whether PPARgamma or TRAP220 are significant prognostic markers in resectable colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 399 patients who underwent curative resection for CRC were enrolled. We investigated the presence of PPARgamma and TARP220 in CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between the expression of these factors and clinicopathologic features and survival was investigated. RESULTS: Median age of the patients was 63 years (range, 22 to 87 years), and median follow-up duration 61.1 months (range, 2 to 114 months). PPARgamma and TRAP220 expression showed significant correlation with depth of invasion (p=0.013 and p=0.001, respectively). Expression of TRAP220 also showed association with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (p=0.001). Compared with patients with TRAP220 negative tumors, patients with TRAP220 positive tumors had longer 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) tendency (p=0.051). Patients who were PPARgamma positive combined with TRAP220 positive had a better 5-year DFS (64.8% vs. 79.3%, p=0.013). In multivariate analysis expression of both PPARgamma and TRAP220 significantly affected DFS (hazard ratio, 0.620; 95% confidence interval, 0.379 to 0.997; p=0.048). CONCLUSION: TRAP220 may be a valuable marker for nodal metastasis and TNM stage. Tumor co-expression of PPARgamma and TRAP220 represents a biomarker for good prognosis in CRC patients.
Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lymph Nodes ; Mediator Complex Subunit 1* ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Peroxisomes* ; PPAR gamma* ; Prognosis ; Thyroid Gland