Study on 80 symptomatic menorrhagia patients less than 18 years old treated at Institute for Protection of Mother and Newborn in the year 2000. Results: the rate of patients with irregular menstruation was highest (38.75%). 70% of patients lived in rural, so the rate of late hospital admission (>15 days) accounted for 73.75%. All patients suffered from anemia with 82.5% patients with moderate and severe anemia. Treatment with 2 tablets Rigevidon a day only one time in the evening until menorrhagia reduces, follows by 1 tablet a day for making artificial menstruation of 28 days, is effective in 96.25% patients. This finding showed that using Rigevidon for treating pubertal menorrhagia is simple, safe, and effective, no significant complication.
Menorrhagia ; Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination ; Therapeutics

To establish a sensitive and specific method for simultaneous determination of gestodene, etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol in plasma by LC-MS/MS, plasma samples were extracted and derivatized before injection. An ESI ion source was used and operated in the positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Norgestrel was chosen as internal standard and performed on a C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) column. The concentrations of gestodene, etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol were measured, using step-gradient mobile phase and step-gradient flow rate. The method was validated over the concentration range of 0.1-20 ng x mL(-1) for gestodene and etonogestrel and 0.01-2 ng x mL(-1) for ethinylestradiol, and showed excellent linearity. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision were below 10.0% and recovery was 93.6%-110.9% over the three concentration levels evaluated. The method was applied in pharmacokinetic study of the compound gestodene patch and the compound etonogestrel patch in rabbits. The LC-MS/MS method was selective, accurate and sensitive, especially the LOQ were 100 pg x mL(-1) for gestodene and etonogestrel and 10 pg x mL(-1) for ethinylestradiol. The method was successfully applied in pharmacokinetic study for contraceptives.
Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Desogestrel ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Ethinyl Estradiol ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Norpregnenes ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Rabbits ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the domestic consumption of postmenopausal hormonal medicine in the year 2010 and compare it with those since 2002. METHODS: Data from Intercontinental Marketing Services were used to analyze the consumption of hormonal medicine in the year 2010. Total hormonal medicines consisted of estrogen (ET), estrogen+progestogen (EPT), and Tibolone. We compared the respective consumption of hormonal medicines in the year 2010 with those since 2002. The percentage and frequency of usage of ET, ET/EPT, and tibolone in the year 2010 were also estimated. RESULTS: We found that 4.5% of women over 50 years of age had taken the postmenopausal hormonal medicine in the year 2010. The usage rate of each medicine showed 60% for ET/EPT compound, and 40% for Tibolone. The usage of postmenopausal hormonal medicine in 2010 increased by 7% compared to the previous year reaching 3.81 billion Korean won. There was 9% increase in the use of ET/EPT compound, and 4% increase in Tibolone. CONCLUSION: The total consumption of postmenopausal hormonal medicine was markedly decreased between 2002 and 2007. Since 2007, however, it has been steadily increasing from 3.01 billion to more than 3.81 billion Korea won in 2010, which maybe due to the reappraisal of the WHI study results, the change of doctor's recognition, and the increased consumption of Tibolone. When initiating postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, the risk-benefit of hormonal therapy should be thoroughly explored.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Marketing ; Norpregnenes ; Postmenopause

OBJECTIVES: Osteoporosis is the most common chronic skeletal disease in postmenopausal women. The total sales of anti-osteoporosis medications have rapidly increased in Korea in recent years because of the rapid aging of our society. This study was intended to evaluate the trend in the use of anti-osteoporosis medications in 2009. METHODS: Data from the International Marketing Service (IMS) were used to analyze the sales of medications for osteoporosis. The total sales of anti-osteoporosis medications were considered to correspond to the use of anti-osteoporosis medications. RESULTS: The total market of anti-osteoporosis medications including hormones and calcium was 213.9 billion Korea won (KRW). The proportion of anti-osteoporosis medications accounted for by hormones and calcium was 16% and 84%, respectively. The total consumption of calcium was 26.9 billion KRW and nearly all the sales were over-the-counter products. Total hormone consumption was 35.6 billion KRW, of which tibolone comprised 41%. Bisphosphonate consumption was 129.6 billion KRW; the proportion of bisphosphonates in non-hormonal medications was 85.6%, followed in order by vitamin D (6.9%), raloxifene (5.0%), and calcitonin (2.0%). CONCLUSION: The most commonly used anti-osteoporosis medications based on sales were bisphosphonates comprising 60.6% of the total sales, followed by hormones and vitamin D.
Aging ; Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Commerce ; Diphosphonates ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Marketing ; Norpregnenes ; Osteoporosis ; Raloxifene Hydrochloride ; Vitamin D

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to survey the change of comsumption of hormone therapy (HT) before and after publication of Women's Health Initiative Study(WHI) result in Korea from 2000 to 2009. METHODS: Data from Intercontinental Marketing Services were used to analyze and ten years of hormone consumption from 2000 to 2009 was expressed in terms of hormone sales amount (Korean won, KRW, 1 dollar=1,100 won). Total hormone consisted of Estrogen (ET), Estrogen/Progestogen (EPT), and Tibolone. To identify changes in total hormone consumption, the cumulative growth rate was based on the sales in 2002. RESULTS: After publication of WHI result in 2002, HT consumption had been continuously decreased by 39% from 51.1 billion (bn) KRW in 2002 to 31.4 bn KRW in 2006. From 2007 to 2009, HT consumption has been slightly increased to 3.56 bn KRW. The decreased consumption of HT is mainly due to decrease of ET/EPT comsumption by 49%. Tibolone consumption was decreased by 25% during next 2years after WHI publication, but thereafter gradually increased over pre-WHI publication level in 2009. The proportion of consumption of low dosage regimen was markedly increased from 3.5% in 2002 to 41.8% in 2009. CONCLUSION: The total hormone consumption was markedly decreased after WHI. Low dosage regimen consumption was increased, comprising 3.5~41.8% of total EPT consumption. Tibolone consumption was transiently decreased during 2 years after WHI publication, but thereafter increased gradually and reached over the level of pre-WHI publication in 2009. We expect that low-dosage regimen of HT and tibolone will be more widely used. An individual-based treatment approach is essential in assessing the appropriateness of initiating hormone replacement therapy.
Commerce ; Estrogens ; Female ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Korea ; Marketing ; Menopause ; Norpregnenes ; Publications ; Women's Health

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the differences between the effect of tibolone and estradiol (E2)-based hormone therapy (HT) on bone mineral density (BMD) and serum lipid profiles in postmenopausal Korean women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with 65 postmenopausal women receiving tibolone or E2-based hormone therapy in university hospital. BMD at lumbar spine (LS) and proximal femur was measured before and after 1 year of therapy and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was determined by enzymatic methods. RESULTS: BMD at LS increased after 1 year of tibolone (mean change: 3.0%) or E2-based HT (mean change: 1.6%), and the changes were significant (P=0.002 and 0.04, respectively). In E2 group, serum total cholesterol has decreased significantly after 1 year of therapy (P=0.02). Moreover, the change of HDL level was statistically significant in tibolone group compared to E2 group (P=0.01). The changes of levels of total cholesterol, TG and HDL has demonstrated negative relationship of BMD changes at femur neck and trochanter in tibolone group, whereas only the HDL changes were significantly related to the change of trochanter BMD in E2 group. CONCLUSIONS: Both tibolone and E2-based hormone therapy increased BMD at lumbar spine. The changes of serum lipid levels may be associated with the BMD changes in both groups although the relationships were different according to the regimen.
Bone Density ; Cholesterol ; Estradiol ; Female ; Femur ; Femur Neck ; Humans ; Lipoproteins ; Norpregnenes ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine

There are a number of published reports aimed at clarifying the effect of hormonal contracept -ives upon the quantity and quality of breast milk during postpartum and lactation periods. As to the volume of milk produced by breast feeding mothers, many authors seem to have agreed on a decrease as an established pattern in the periods following regular administration of oral contraceptives containing estrogen in varying dosage. The quality of milk following administration of hormonal contraceptives, however, remsins a controversial issue. Korea's experience in oral contraceptive is rather a brief one, but use of Eugynon has been widespread and frequent since this hormonal contraceptive was introduced into the national program in 1967. The authors have reviewed the potential significance of data concerning regular use of an oral contraceptive as affecting lactation, and have sought to clarify the interrelationship between the administration of Eugynon and quantity and quality of breast milk from mothers contracepting. with Eugynon in different periods following confinement. A total of 85 women, who were at different periods following deliveries, have been divided into, two groups, one comprising 28 women regularly taking oral pills and the other (57 women) not resorting to hormonal contraceptives if they were contracepting at all. 1. Milk Volume. In view of the possible influence of suckling on the amount of milk produced, efforts were made in this study to standardize the technique by extracting breastmilk by applying manual pressures on one side of the maw-nae, While the nipple on the other side was being sucked by the mother's own baby. The effetct of an exogenic ovarian hormone on the quantity as well as quality of breastmilk is generally understood to be inapparent until the drug is administered to women whose milk secreting function has been normalized. ") In the present study, it was observed that the decrease in the ammount of milk obtained from mothers in the periods following the 4th cycle of oral contraceptives or thereafter has turned out to be statistically insignificant. This result conforms i.u the findings by Tubari and others. It is assumed that it takes at lest 2 to 3 cycles of use before mammary glands are functionally adjusted to the use of exogenic hormonal contraceptives. 2. Specific Gravity and Composition of Milk There was no noticeable change in the protein and chloride content following continuous administration of ore.l contraceptives, while meaningful changes were observed in fat (increase) and calcium (decrease up to the 5th cycle use) contents. Also, there was a rather significant decrease in the specific gravity in the period following administration of the first cycle of the oral contraceptive. The findings from the present study partially conforms the results published by Ramadan and others, who reported that little change was noticed in the contents of total solids. ash, chlorides and lactose in the breast milk of women who had taken 4 cycles of ovosiston, although in our study lactose was not measured. Ramaden, however, reported that fat content did increase in the same milk, as in our study. A definitive conclusion, however, could not be made unless measures are taken to rule out the physiological changes of the maternal body affecting the composition of milks.
Breast Feeding ; Calcium ; Chlorides ; Contraceptive Agents ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Estrogens ; Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination ; Female ; Health Resorts ; Humans ; Lactation* ; Lactose ; Mammary Glands, Human ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Nipples ; Postpartum Period ; Specific Gravity

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to assess the risk factors, histologic and clinical features of breast cancer in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy (HT). METHODS: We evaluated 40 breast cancer patients who received HT due to postmenopausal symptoms by reviewing their medical charts at Pusan National University Hospital. Research variables, including patients' history, type and duration of received HT, moment of cancer debut after starting HT, radiological characteristics of breast cancer stage, histologic type, tumor size, grade, lymph node metastasis, estrogen and progesterone receptor status and 5-year survival were investigated. RESULTS: In the risk factors of breast cancer patients, only one patient had familial history of breast cancer. No patient had smoking history. The average body mass index (BMI) was 23.2 kg/m2. Twelve patients (30%) had estrogen only therapy, 13 patients (32.5%) had combined estrogen and progesterone therapy, 10 patients (25%) had tibolone therapy and the others consecutively received combination therapy of the above regimens. The mean duration of treatment was 31 +/- 27.9 months (range 0.4-115 months). In the distribution of the cancer debut after starting HT, in 4 cases (10%) was within 1 year, 5 cases (12.5%) within 1-2 years, 10 cases (25%) within 2-3 years, 4 cases (10%) within 3-4 years, 1 case (2.5%) within 4-5 years, and 16 cases (40%) within more than 5 years. The average diameter of tumor size was 1.7 cm. In 92.5% of cases, the tumor was of ductal type. Tumor stage 0 and 1 appeared in 66% and grade I was present in 38% of investigated cases. Hormone receptor-positive breast cancers were 85% and 70% of patients had negative lymph node metastases. The 5-year survival rate was 92%. CONCLUSION: The breast cancers which emerged during HT in postmenopausal women had hormone receptor-positive tendency. The size and stage of these breast cancers were shown as small and low, and represented low-grade differentiation. Recurrences of disease were uncommon and we found favorable 5-year survival rates and good prognosis.
Body Mass Index ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Norpregnenes ; Progesterone ; Prognosis ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Survival Rate

OBJECTIVES: To describe prescription patterns by gynecologists for osteoporosis therapy and to compare with the prescription patterns by physicians of other medical specialties based on the data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. METHODS: A total of 28,568 prescription claims by gynecologists of 633,870 prescription claims by physicians with medications for osteoporosis alone or medications for other indications, including osteoporosis, were analyzed. The medications for osteoporosis alone were, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), calcitonin (injection or nasal spray), vitamin K2, ipriflavone, and fluoride. The medications for other indications including osteoporosis were estrogen, tibolone, testosterone, calcium, calcium-vitamin D complex, vitamin D, and oxymetholone. RESULTS: Anti-osteoporosis medications were prescribed by 4.7% of gynecologists. Calcium and vitamin D were the most commonly prescribed medications by gynecologists (60.7%), followed by hormones, including tibolone (44%). Bisphosphonates, including bisphosphonate complex, were prescribed by 27.5% of gynecologists and SERMs were prescribed by 3.6% of gynecologists. Amongst all prescribers, the percentage of gynecologists was highest for hormones (50.6%), followed by tibolone (31.0%). When both medications were combined, the percentage of gynecologists among prescribers was 81.6%. The combination rate of calcium with other anti-osteoporosis medications was highest in gynecologists among prescribers of medical specialties (34.1%). CONCLUSION: A very small percentage of gynecologists prescribed anti-osteoporosis medications, while calcium, vitamin D, and hormones, including tibolone, were commonly prescribed by gynecologists.
Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Diphosphonates ; Estrogens ; Fluorides ; Insurance, Health ; Isoflavones ; Norpregnenes ; Osteoporosis ; Prescriptions ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Testosterone ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin K 2

OBJECTIVES: To describe prescription patterns by gynecologists for osteoporosis therapy and to compare with the prescription patterns by physicians of other medical specialties based on the data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. METHODS: A total of 28,568 prescription claims by gynecologists of 633,870 prescription claims by physicians with medications for osteoporosis alone or medications for other indications, including osteoporosis, were analyzed. The medications for osteoporosis alone were, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), calcitonin (injection or nasal spray), vitamin K2, ipriflavone, and fluoride. The medications for other indications including osteoporosis were estrogen, tibolone, testosterone, calcium, calcium-vitamin D complex, vitamin D, and oxymetholone. RESULTS: Anti-osteoporosis medications were prescribed by 4.7% of gynecologists. Calcium and vitamin D were the most commonly prescribed medications by gynecologists (60.7%), followed by hormones, including tibolone (44%). Bisphosphonates, including bisphosphonate complex, were prescribed by 27.5% of gynecologists and SERMs were prescribed by 3.6% of gynecologists. Amongst all prescribers, the percentage of gynecologists was highest for hormones (50.6%), followed by tibolone (31.0%). When both medications were combined, the percentage of gynecologists among prescribers was 81.6%. The combination rate of calcium with other anti-osteoporosis medications was highest in gynecologists among prescribers of medical specialties (34.1%). CONCLUSION: A very small percentage of gynecologists prescribed anti-osteoporosis medications, while calcium, vitamin D, and hormones, including tibolone, were commonly prescribed by gynecologists.
Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Diphosphonates ; Estrogens ; Fluorides ; Insurance, Health ; Isoflavones ; Norpregnenes ; Osteoporosis ; Prescriptions ; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Testosterone ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin K 2