The purpose of this study was to investigate the fluoroquinolone resistance frequency of Enterococcus spp. from normal chicken feces and to analyse mutations of the gyrA and parC gene associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Among 52 Enterococcus faecalis and 25 E. faecium isolates, 23 (44.2%) E. faecalis and 7 (28.0%) E. faecium were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) by disc diffusion method. Genetic exchange in gyrA and parC gene among 2 CIP intermediate isolates and 15 CIP resistant isolates were found in the amino acid codon of Ser-83 and Asp-87, and Ser-80 and Glu-84, respectively. These mutants contained a change from Ser to Phe, Val, Tyr, Ile, Thr or Pro at codon 83 and from Glu to Gly or Leu at codon 87 in gyrA gene, and a change from Ser to Ile or Thr at codon 80 and from Glu to Asp or Lys at codon 84 in parC gene. The isolates with mutation in gyrA regardless of a mutation in parC showed high resistance (MIC > or =32 microgram/ml) to CIP, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. These results suggested that gyrA gene is the primary target for 4 fluoroquinolones resistance in Enterococcus spp.
Chickens* ; Ciprofloxacin ; Codon ; Diffusion ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Enterococcus* ; Feces* ; Fluoroquinolones ; Norfloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; Viperidae

Monoclonal anti-enrofloxacin antibody was prepared for a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and purification system using monoclonal antibody (mAb) coupled magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The IC50 values of the developed mAb for enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, pefloxacin, and norfloxacin were 5.0, 8.3, 9.7, 21.7, 36.0, and 63.7 ng/mL, respectively. The lowest detectable level of ENR was 0.7 ng/mL in the prepared ELISA system. To validate the developed ELISA in the food matrix, known amounts of ENR were spiked in meat and egg samples at 10, 20 and 30 ng/mL. Recoveries for ENR ranged from 72.9 to 113.16% with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.42 to 10.11%. The applicability of the mAb-MNP system was verified by testing the recoveries for ENR residue in three different matrices. Recoveries for ENR ranged from 75.16 to 86.36%, while the CV ranged from 5.08 to 11.53%. Overall, ENR-specific monoclonal antibody was prepared and developed for use in competitive to ELISAs for the detection of ENR in animal meat samples. Furthermore, we suggest that a purification system for ENR using mAb-coupled MNPs could be useful for determination of ENR residue in food.
Animals ; Ciprofloxacin ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Meat ; Nanoparticles* ; Norfloxacin ; Ovum ; Pefloxacin

The drug eruptions caused by quinolones are rarely reported. The patient took norfloxacin for several days prior to admission and was admitted due to systemic erythematous maculopapular eruptions. For the treatment of urinary tract infection, he was treated with pefloxacin via intravenous route, and then the symptom of drug eruption became aggravated. After termination of treatment, the symptom reduced. The causative agent was identified by intradermal test and confirmed by accidental rechallenge with levofloxacin which is an another quinolone. We report herein the case of drug eruption caused by several quinolones which was confirmed by intradermal test and incidental administration of the drug.
Drug Eruptions* ; Humans ; Intradermal Tests ; Levofloxacin ; Norfloxacin ; Pefloxacin ; Quinolones* ; Urinary Tract Infections

From November 18 to December 31, 1986, seventy-five male patients with unconplicated gonococcal urethritis at the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-ku Public Health Center in Seoul were allocated randomly into one of two treatment regimens, and seventy patients were followed. All thirty-five patients including PPNG infections, treated with single oral dose of norfloxacin 600mg, were recovered(100%). One of thirty-five patients treated with a single oral dose of norfloxacin 800mg, failed. This failed case was one of eighteen nonPPNG infections (failure rate of 5.6%). Susceptibility test with disks containing norfloxacin 10ug showed the inhibition zone greater than 30mm. It is suggested that a single oral dose of 600mg or 800mg norfloxacin has good effect in the treatment of gonococcal urethritis with minimal side effects. Because of high prevalence of PPNG, it can be recommended as the first line treatment for gonorrhoea in Korea.
Humans ; Korea ; Male* ; Norfloxacin* ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Seoul ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Urethritis*

The susceptibilities of 45 clinical isolates of bacteroidis fragilis to cefaclor, ciproflxacin and imipenem were determined by new method, E-test (AB Bidisk, Solna, Sweden) and were compared with those from conventional agar dilution method by using brain heart infusion, Mueller-Hinton and Wilk:..s Chalgren agar plates. And the susceptibility of 60 clinical isolates of bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis 45 strains, B. distasonis 6 strains, B. ovatus 5 strains, B. thetaiotaomicron 4 strains) to 5 quinolones (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin) were determined by in vitro agar dilution method. Compared with agar dilution MICs for B. fragilis 45 strains, 90.3% of E-test MICs were within +/- 1 dilution of the agar dilutions, and 98.4% were within 2 dilutions. And there were little effect of different medium bases to determine MICs except Mueller-Hinton agar. On Mueller-Hinton agar, B. fragilis showed have or no growth activity. In vitro susceptibility of B. fragilis group to quinolones, most of the test strains showed resistant patterns to quinolones except ofloxacin and there was little difference of susceptibility patterns between species of B. fragilis group.
Agar* ; Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Brain ; Cefaclor ; Enoxacin ; Heart ; Imipenem ; Norfloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; Quinolones

A preparation of water soluble components(EA) was made from carpophores of Elfvingia applanata(Pers.) Karst and its in vitro antibacterial activity on a number of bacterial species was examined by macrobroth dilution assay. Among 16 species of bacteria tested, the most potent antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus epiderrnidis and Proteus vulgaris, of which MICs were 1.25 mg/ml. To investigate the antibacterial effects in combinations of EA with quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin, the fractional inhibitory concentrations(FICs) and the fractional inhibitory concentration indices(FICIs) for four bacterial strains were determined by macrobroth dilution checkerboard assay. Combinations of EA and quinolones exhibited either additive or indifferent effects of antibacterial activity in most instances. However, both synergistic and antagonistic effects were not observed in any cases.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Ciprofloxacin ; Enoxacin ; Norfloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; Proteus vulgaris ; Quinolones* ; Staphylococcus

Anaphylaxis have been documented as adverse effects of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. However resistant and biphasic anaphlylactic reactions to gemifloxacin have not been reported to date. Management of severe anaphylaxis in the elderly can be complicated by concurrent medications such as beta (β) adrenergic, alpha (α) adrenergic blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. We report here in the case of a 60-year-old male who was taking on ACE inhibitor, α and β blockers and experienced a severe, resistant and biphasic anaphlylactic reaction to gemifloxacin mesylate.
Adrenergic Antagonists ; Aged ; Anaphylaxis ; Ciprofloxacin ; Humans ; Levofloxacin ; Male ; Mesylates ; Middle Aged ; Norfloxacin ; Ofloxacin

BACKGROUND: The photsensitizing effect of quinolones has been recognized since their introdulation as an antibacterial agents. Recently several new second eneration antibacterial agents of this pharmacological class have become available for therapy, and are gaining increasing impotance. OBJECTIVE: To reveal the phototoxic potentials of some new quinolones by photohemolysis test, estimation of fluorescenc spectra, and Candida albicans test. METHODS: Nalidixic acid and four second-generation quinolones(ciprofloxacin, enoxacini, norfloxacin, and ofloxacitid were examined by fluorescence spertra which measured t.he phototoxc potentials by photochemial instability, photohemolsis test for the phototoxic properties against cell membranes and Candida tlbicans test for phototoxic properties against DNA. RESULTS: All drugs showed a fluorescence spectra within 360 nm to 450 nm, and in the photohemolysis test, all studied drug except ofloxacin got above 5% hemolytic value, and all drugs showed clear zone. in Candida albicans test after 48hours. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that all tested drugs were photochemically unstable. According to the mechanisris of cellular phototoxicity, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin was phtototoxic to nucleus and cell membrane, whereas ofloxacin was phototoxic to nucleus only.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Candida ; Candida albicans ; Cell Membrane ; Ciprofloxacin ; Dermatitis, Phototoxic ; DNA ; Enoxacin ; Fluorescence ; Nalidixic Acid ; Norfloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; Quinolones

Twenty-six nalidixic acid-resistant Shigella sonnei strains isolated from 1982 to 2001 and 56 nalidixic acid-resistant mutants induced by quinolone drugs from susceptible wild strains were analyzed by sequencing the gyrA gene. All the 22 nalidixic acid-resistant isolates from 1998 to 2001 showed identical amino acid substitution of Ser to Leu (TCG --> TTG) at codon 83 while 7 different mutation types were detected in artificially induced nalidixic acid-resistant mutants. Asp87 (GGC) type was observed most commonly among mutants induced by nalidixic acid while Ser83 (TTG) type was common among mutants induced by ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin. All the isolates collected between 1998 and 2001 showed identical or nearly identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern. These results suggest that the explosive increase of S. sonnei infection after 1998 was mainly due to the spread of restricted number of clones resistant to nalidixic acid.
Amino Acid Substitution ; Ciprofloxacin ; Clone Cells ; Codon ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Epidemiology ; Molecular Epidemiology* ; Nalidixic Acid* ; Norfloxacin ; Shigella sonnei* ; Shigella*

An increasing prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) causes a serious therapeutic problem in clinical setting. This study investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance mechanisms against aminoglycosides, and molecular epidemiology of 76 blood isolates of P. aeruginosa from two Korean hospitals. Thirty-four isolates were susceptible to all 13 antimicrobial agents tested, whereas 28 isolates showed a MDR or extensively drug-resistant phenotype. There was a significant difference in resistance rates of P. aeruginosa isolates against aztreonam, piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin between two hospitals. Genes for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs), including aphA6 (n = 14), aadB (n = 11), aacA4 (n = 8), and aphA1 (n = 1), and 16S rRNA methylase armA (n = 6) were detected in 26 P. aeruginosa isolates resistant to aminoglycosides. There was no significant difference in carriage of genes for AME and 16S rRNA methylase between two hospitals, but aacA4 and aphA1 were specifically detected in P. aeruginosa isolates from one hospital. Seventy-six P. aeruginosa isolates were classified into 55 pulsotypes at similarity value of 0.85, and 31 and 24 pulsotypes were specifically detected in each hospital. This study demonstrates that differences in antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates between two hospitals are possibly due to the presence of diverse clones specific in each hospital.
Aminoglycosides ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Aztreonam ; Ciprofloxacin ; Clone Cells ; Imipenem ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Norfloxacin ; Phenotype ; Prevalence ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa* ; Pseudomonas*