Community pharmacists are expected to have the necessary knowledge to give advice on safe and appropriate drug use during self-medication. However, the profession of pharmacist in Yemen has become less trustworthy and less reliable. In addition, quality of medication has been raising a lot of questions among consumers and fake medications have been entering the country without quality control checks. The aim of this study was to determine the consumer perception of health care services provided and its impact on self-medication practice in Sana’a city, Yemen. A self-administered questionnaire containing open-ended and closed-ended questions was developed and distributed among 400 consumers attending 10 community pharmacies in Sana’a City. All data obtained from the questionnaires were coded, entered, and analysed using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions. Prevalence of self-medication was found to be 90.7 %. The majority of respondents stated that they do not trust the health care services provided by physician (68.8%), community drug dispensers (78.2%), Ministry of Health (70.5%) or the quality of medicine dispensed by community pharmacies (59.7%). The trust of health care services provided by physicians and community drug dispensers were found to be significant predictors of self-medication practice. Those who did not trust health care services provided by physicians were more likely to use self-medication compared to those who did not (OR= 21.212, CI 95% 2.678-168.001, p= 0.004). Those who did not trust health care services provided by community drug dispensers were more likely to use self-medication compared to those who did not (OR= 2.746, CI 95% 1.048-7.195, p= 0.04). Consumers in Sana’a City have a negative overall perception of the services provided by community drug dispensers, physician and Ministry of Health and the quality of medication. An urgent intervention from health care authorities to adopt and to implement a new national drug policy with necessary laws and regulations is needed
Self-medication ; Trust ; Health Care Providers ; Community Pharmacy consumers ; Sana&rsquo ; a City ; Yemen

Our objectives were to discuss a general overview on the description and recognition of heparin–induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and present a critical review of the traditional and most recent advances in its pharmacotherapy. Computerized searches were done on MEDLINE and Iowa Drug Information Service (IDIS) databases from June 2001 until June 2007 and from May 2005 until May 2007, respectively. Search terms used included ‘heparin-induced thrombocytopenia’, ‘heparin-associated thrombocytopenia’, therapeutics, HIT, HAT. We largely selected publications within the timeframe above, but did not exclude commonly referenced and highly regarded older publications. The commonly referenced published articles were obtained through manual searches derived from bibliographic citations and retrievals from the authors’ personal files. Pertinent literatures (89 key articles) that were thought to have substantially contributed new information to the therapeutics of HIT within the last 6 years were identified, reviewed and presented. The following limits were used for the MEDLINE and IDIS searches: ‘human’, drug therapy’, ‘review’, ‘meta-analysis’, ‘clinical trial’, and case reports. The therapeutics of HIT is rapidly evolving and needs to consider an evidence – based approach. It is imperative that practitioners be aware of the associated risk and be up-to-date with the current advances in the management of this fatal clinical condition.

One of the most important drug-related problems in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is medication dosing errors. Many medications and their metabolites are eliminated through the kidney. Thus, adequate renal function is important to avoid toxicity. Patients with renal impairment often have alterations in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. The clearance of drugs eliminated primarily by renal filtration is decreased by renal disease. Therefore, special consideration should be taken when these drugs are prescribed to patients with impaired renal function. Despite the importance of dosage adjustment in patients with CKD, such adjustments are sometimes ignored. Physicians and pharmacists can work together to accomplish safe drug prescribing. This task can be complex and require a stepwise approach to ensure effectiveness, minimise further damage and prevent drug nephrotoxicity.
Chronic Disease ; Decision Trees ; Drug Prescriptions ; standards ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Prescription Drugs ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics