Objective:To study the relation between the causes of aphasia in children and its clinical syndrome and result of treatment.Methods:The retrospective questionnaire survey has been conducted on 38 cases of aphasia aging from 1 6/12 to 13 years old with different causes targeting at analyzing the aphasic type,CT and MRI results,and curative effect.Results:CT and MRI show that focus resulting in aphasia mainly exists in left hemisphere of brain.The same kind of aphasia may be caused by the different damaged focus.The damage of the same focus may lead to different kinds of aphasia.On the other hand,the recovery time is closely related to the children′s age when they suffered from aphasia.Fastest recovery is found in those patients caused by cerebral trauma.And the recovery of patients caused by encephalitis ranks the second.The younger the patients were,the easier and faster for them to get recovered.Conclusion:There is great difference in lingual symptom and curative effect between children and adults.Therefore,the early treatment on the causes of aphasia and functional training is of great importance for improving the recovery ratio of the patients′ lingual function.

0.05).However there existed great differences in their side effects(x~2=49.863 P

Objective To explore the features and relevant factors of ecological executive function in adults with id-iopathic or probably symptomatic epilepsy. Methods 120 adults with idiopathic or probably symptomatic epilepsy were compared strictly with 120 healthy controls of the same gender, age , marriage and educational degree. The differences in ecological executive function were compared between the two groups with the Behavior Rating Inven-tory of Executive Function-adult version( BRIEF-A);apply multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was used to explore the correlations between epileptic factors with projects of BRIEF-A. Results Compared with controls,the epileptics yielded higher scores significantly on all projects of BRIEF-A(P<0. 05):global executive composite,be-havioral regulation index,inhibition,shift,emotion control, self-monitoring, metacognition index,initiation, working memory,plan,organization,task monitor. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that four clinical fea-tures videlicet seizure type, seizure frequency, epilepsy control and antiepileptic drugs were closely related to BRIEF-A while factors such as course of disease,gender,age,marriage,educational degree,initial age were not rele-vant to BRIEF-A. Conclusion The ecological executive function of adults with idiopathic or probably symptomatic epilepsy impairment is affected by seizure type,seizure frequency,epilepsy control and antiepileptic drugs.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin A (BTX-A)injection for upper limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.Methods Twenty children with upper limb spasticity resulting from cerebral palsy were divided equally into a BTX-A injection group and a control group. Both groups received standard rehabilitation treatment. For the injection group, color ultrasonography was used to guide the accurate injection of BTX-A into the spastic muscles of the arm. They received rehabilitation training the day after the injection. For all patients, muscle spasticity and upper limb movement and function were evaluated before treatment and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks later using a modified Ashworth scale and the Fugl-Meyer assessment.Results After two weeks of treatment, muscle spasticity and upper limb movement and function in the injection group were significantly better than before the injection.The improvement in muscle spasticity was greatest two weeks after the injection. The average therapeutic effect in the injection group was significantly better than among the controls.Conclusion BTX-A injection under ultrasound guidance helps relieve upper limb spasticity in cerebral palsy. It has the advantages of accurate localization and safety and gives superior results compared to rehabilitation treatment alone.

Neurocognitive impairment frequently occurs in epilepsy patients,especially in children,which has been considered to interfere the development of mind and body and cause mental retardation.Now it has attracted wide attention from doctors home and abroad.The mechanisms are complicated,and may be influenced by several factors.Different locations of epileptiform focuses cause different cognitive impairment.This review aims to illustrate the major cognitive impairment in relation to the epileptogenic zone in brain,with a more detailed interest for temporal lobe epilepsy,frontal lobe epilepsy,occipital lobe epilepsy and parietal lobe epilepsy.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of syndrome caused by a non-progressive brain injury that occurs from before birth to 28 days after birth. The principal symptoms of CP are abnormal centrocinesia and irregular posture, or accompanied by intelligence disorders, seizures, dystropy, sensory impairments and other dysfunctions. To evaluate the function of children with cerebral palsy can assess disfuction level,judge clinical classification, estimate prognosis, and more importantly guide to establish treatment plan and evaluate therapeutic efficacy. At present, there are no unified standards to evaluate CP at home and abroad, So this article will overview evaluation methods of CP commonly used in recent years.

Objective To observe the protection of D-amphetamine on rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia.Methods The unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) models were established by using Koizumi's method.TUNEL was applied to detect quantitatively brain cell apoptosis at 1st,3rd and 6th week after operation.Immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR were respectively used to detect the expression of growth-associated protein 43(GAP-43) and GAP-43 mRNA around ischemic area.Results Apoptosis of brain cells reduced evidently in the group treated with D-amphetamine.GAP-43 protein detection demonstrated statistically significant increase in immunoreaction product as determined by optical density measurements in D-amphetamine treated group compared with the group without any agent treatment.The same results appeared in RT-PCR product.Conclusion D-amphetamine can reduce brain cell apoptosis and promote GAP-43 expression.

Objective To explore the effects of ephedrine on the hippocampal cell apoptosis and behavioral performance after hypoxia-ischemia brain injury in neonatal rats.Methods Totally 90 7-day rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,ephedrine treatment group,model group,and sham group.Hypoxia-ischemia brain injury model was established by permanently ligating right common carotid artery.Ephedrine (1.5 mg/kg,once per day) was injected intraperitoneally to the rats of ephedrine treatment group for 7 d,and the rats of model group was given normal saline at the same volume.At the following time interval of 6 and 12 h,and 1,3,and 7 d after hypoxia,the expression of bcl-2 and bax were detected in the hippocampal region by immunohistochemical staining.At 4 weeks after surgery,behavioral changes in the remaining rats were tested by Morris water maze.Results Compared with model group,the expression of bcl-2 in the ephedrine treatment group was significantly increased after hypoxic-ischemic injury,peaked at 1 d and decreased in 3 d after operation.And the expression of bax in the ephedrine treatment group was decreased in 1 d after hypoxic-ischemia.The average time of escape latency was gradually decreased in each group.However,from the 3rd to 5th day,it was much shorter in ephedrine treatment group than in model group.In addition,the frequency platform passing in the ephedrine treatment group and the percentage of swimming distance traveled in the previous target quadrant was significantly greater than those of the control group.Conclusion Ephedrine upregulates bcl-2 and downregulates bax in the hippocampus of neonatal rats after hypoxia-ischemia,and improves their ability of learning and memory.

Objective To investigate the effects of ephedrine on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods Altogether 60 male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group,natural recovery group and ephedrine treatment group.The unilateral ischemia-reperfusion models were induced by clue-blocked method.The expression level of GFAP around ischemic area was examined by immunohistochemical technique at weeks 1,2,3 and 4 after operation.Results GFAP expression began to increase at 1 w and stabilized at 3 w in ephedrine treatment group and natural recovery group.There was a significant increase of GFAP expression in ephedrine treatment group compared with that in natural recovery group (P

ObjectiveTo study the clinical characteristics of the temperature instability in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). MethodsThe clinical characteristics of one case of PWS with recurrent fever were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsA 5-month-old boy who had such clinical characteristics as low central muscle tension, sucking weakness, feeding dififculties, cryptorchidism and white skin was diagnosed as PWS by chromosomal microarray analysis and methylation-speciifc PCR. In the course of the disease, the infant presented recurrent fever. The pathogenic bacteria culture and virus antibody detection showed negative, and the treatment of reducing fever, anti-infection and immune support were ineffective.ConclusionsThe cause of the recurrent fever is unknown and central fever is suspected. Whether the temperature instability is the clinical feature of PWS still needs a lot of clinical researches.