Introduction: Pancreatic cancer in young patients is usually correlated with chronic alcohol consumption and hereditary factor. Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic trauma, pancreatic cyst, alcoholism, and diabetes mellitus are the most clearly established etiological factors (T.Y Flanders., W.S Foulkes., 1996). The cancer was located to the pancreatic head in 75% to the body in 15-20% and to the tail in 5-10% of cases (A.E Richard., 2005). Goal: Determination of the US signs in pancreatic cancer and establishment standard (control) US diagnostic criteria. Objectives: 1. To reveal direct and indirect US signs of pancreatic cancer. 2. To establish standardized US diagnostic criteria. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in 35 patients with pancreatic cancer in a 4 years period between 2006-2010 (Shastin Central Hospital, Achtan Clinical Hospital). To each patient has being filled special investigation chart. Diagnosis was confirmed on the result of physical examination, laboratory investigation, abdominal conventional radiography, upper gastrointestinal contrast radiography, CT, MRI, ERCP and biopsy. The results of the measurements were compared with the standardized control evaluation of Mongolian people (Ts.Badamsed.B.Tserendash). Results: Our sample represents US signs in 35 patients with pancreatic cancer. On the basis of our study US sign were divided into two categories: direct and indirect signs. Direct signs: a) irregular shape, b) irregular tumour edge, c) hypodensity, d) tumour size more than 2.1cm, e) different location. Indirect signs: a) CBD distends, b) gallbladder distends, c) intra hepatic bile duct distend, d) pancreatic pseudo cyst, e) near-aortic limp node enlargement, f) splenomegaly. We consider that the upper mentioned US abnormality can be as control standard criteria for the US diagnosis of the pancreatic tumour. According to the study of V.N.Demidov and G.P.Sidorov (1987), the pancreatic cancer is located to head in 50-80%. In our series it was about 45.7%± 8.4. Irregular tumour shape in 60.0%±8.3, tumour hypodensity 80.0%±7.2, irregular tumour edge 68.6%±7.8, tumour clear definition 71.4%±7.6 which are the same with N.M. Mukharllyamov (1987). Conclusions: 1. Were described direct and indirect US diagnostic signs in pancreatic cancer 2. The tumor location, shape, size, edge, consistency, intra and extra hepatic bile duct distend, gallbladder distend, near-aortic limp node enlargement are the basic control criteria for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Background: A drug related problem is defined by the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Association as an an event or circumstance involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes. One critical aspect of preventing such errors is proper dose adjustment, which plays a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. For instance, adjusting the dose of warfarin based on the patient’s INR level is essential. In a 1995 study conducted in England, clinical pharmacists recommended target doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for patients with chronic heart failure. As a result, patients experienced a significant reduction in pulmonary and peripheral edema, along with improved exercise test outcomes. At the Mongolian-Japanese Hospital of the Mongolian Medical University of Science and Technology, it is important to analyze dosage-related issues identified by clinical pharmacists and inform healthcare professionals about common dosage selection errors and associated risks. Aim: We analyzed issues related to medication dosage. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to examine problem related to dosage detected through prescription monitoring at the Mongolian Japanese Hospital of the Mongolian National University of Health Sciences from 2023 to 2024. Results: Out of a total of 2340 drug-related problem identified across five inpatient wards during this period, 581 (100%) were related to dosage. Clinical pharmacists performed prescription review on approximately 67% of all inpatients, which was consistent between years. However, medication-related problems tended to decrease from 41.1% (n=1499) in 2023 to 22.3% (n=841) in 2024 (p=0.05). The majority of dose-related problems, 75.6% (n=440), were overdoses. Medication-related problems were most common in the surgical department, with 59.5% (n=346) (p=0.001). The most frequent dosage-related errors involved exceeding the daily dose of diclofenac, administering higher- than-recommended doses of ceftriaxone, failing to adjust cefotaxime for renal function, and using inappropriate doses of metronidazole in patients with impaired liver function. The leading cause of these errors was failure to adhere to guideline-recommended dosing, which accounted for 71.3% (n=415) of cases (p=0.001). When dosage-related recommendations were provided to physicians before of treatment, acceptance rates increased by 14% (p=0.001). These interventions resulted in an estimated cost saving of 1.267.219₮ and a reduction of 363 injections. Conclusion Therefore, clinical pharmacist-led prescription review can help reduce the risk of dosage errors, lower associated healthcare costs, and alleviate the burden on medical staff.

Introduction: Vaccination is a cost-effective intervention to prevent major illnesses that contribute to child mortality in the country. Increase in parental knowledge abour vaccination will lead to increase in vaccination rates of children. The main aim of our study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of vaccination. People’s knowledge about immunization and their attitudes toward them are likely influence uptake. Goal: The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the population towards measles and to clarify their satisfaction and understanding of the measles immunization program. Materials and Methods: We conducted cross-sectional study, involved participants from 3 aimags and 6 districts covered voluntarily. Total participants were 509. We used to online model and with the participant’s self-answer closed questionnaire. Results: 76% of the respondents were female and 24% were male. 64.1% of respondents who have children of 0 to 5 years of age, had little or bad knowledge towards immunization schedules against measles. Overall, the general attitude towards vaccines was positive, but the knowledge about significance of vaccines was weak. Further, district and province family doctors need to pay particular attention to increasing awareness and knowledge on importance of vaccines among families with young children. It is necessary to conduct extensive, long-term research and training among population to evaluate their knowledge and attitude towards measles, its vaccine and prevention, and to identify causes of lack of knowledge. Conclusion Our study shows the importance of good physician–patient communication in improving knowledge attitude and practice of parents towards their children’s vaccination.

Background: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Mongolia was reported on November 11, 2020. In response, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown, which significantly impacted the population’s mental health. Heightened levels of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression during the pandemic altered individuals’ psychological stability and behavior. Personality traits—defined as relatively stable patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior—play a key role in stress responses and emotional regulation under pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that these psychological factors may influence the immune system’s responsiveness, including vaccine-induced antibody production. Aim: To evaluate the association between post-vaccination antibody responses and personality types following two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Materials and Methods: A total of 738 participants who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, n=29; Pfizer-BioNTech, n=119; Sinopharm BBIBP, n=590) and had no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Serum samples were collected 21–28 days after the second dose, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (S) IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA (Proteintech Inc., USA). Personality types were assessed using a 56-item temperament questionnaire developed by A. Belov, categorizing individuals into classical temperament types (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to examine associations between personality types and antibody response. Results: The presence of an antibody response was significantly higher among individuals with a melancholic tempera ment, and significantly lower among those with a phlegmatic temperament. Furthermore, antibody titers were higher in participants with melancholic and sanguine temperaments and lower in those with a phlegmatic type. Conclusions 1. During the early period following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the antibody response was higher in individuals with a pure melancholic temperament, while it was lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament. 2. After the second dose of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine, antibody titers were higher in individuals with pure melancholic and sanguine temperaments, and lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament.