No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Estrogens* ; Humans*

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast*

No abstract available.
Female ; Germ Cells* ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal* ; Ovary*

No abstract available.
Female ; Germ Cells* ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal* ; Ovary*

To assess the change of nitric oxide(NO) concentration according to photorefractive keratectomy(PRK) depth and the role of NO in cataractohenesis after excimer laser PRK. The treated 36 rabbits were divided into 12 groups according to PRK depth(-3.0, -7.0, -11.0 diopter [0]), the dates of sampling(the 1st day and the 7th day after PRK), and reatment of NOS inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester, L-NAME). NO concentration and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in the aqueous humor and malondialdehyde(MDA) concentration in the lens were measured. Changes of lens epithelium were examined by eletron microscopy on the 3rd day and the 6th day after -11.0D of PRK. The NO and MDA concentration in the group without L-NAME treatment on the 1st day after -11.0D of PRK were significantly higher than those in the L-NAME treated group and control group. The activity of SOD increased in all of the PRK treated group on the 1st day and was even higher on the 7th day. The histopathological changes of lens epithelium on the 3rd day after PRK were compatible with cellular necrosis and those of the 6th day after PRK were compatible with cellular reparing. The results suggested that the toxicity of NO after PRK correcting over -11.0D may a role in cataractogenesis, but the progress could be suppressed by treatment of NOS inhibitor.
Aqueous Humor ; Epithelium ; Lasers, Excimer ; Malondialdehyde ; Microscopy ; Necrosis ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester ; Nitric Oxide* ; Photorefractive Keratectomy* ; Rabbits ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Superoxides

Priapism is a relatively rare condition of prolonged painful penile erection, unrelated to sexual activity. It is caused by idiopathic, leukemia, sickle cell disease, oral medication, intracavernosal injection therapy, spinal cord injury and malignant cell infiltration. Malignant lymphoma involving the genitourinary system is uncommon and when it occurs the testes is the most common site. However malignant lymphoma involving the penis is even more rare, with only 20 cases reported in literature. To our knowledge, priapism caused by penile lymphoma has not been reported previously in literature. We report a case with a brief review of literature.
Anemia, Sickle Cell ; Leukemia ; Lymphoma* ; Male ; Penile Erection ; Penis ; Priapism* ; Sexual Behavior ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Testis ; Urogenital System

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence rate and risk factors for depression after amputation in treatment of the lower extremity open fracture associated with severe soft tissue injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective case-control study of 30 patients, who underwent lower extremity amputation between March 2002 and February 2012 and subsequently followed up over 12 months. We classified the patients into two groups: group A (study group, depression expressed) and group B(control group, normal). The risk factors were then subdivided based on patient-related factors such as whether or not patients received psychiatric treatment, sociolopsychological environmental factors, and daily activities after recovery. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate of depression was 40%;20 patients were male, and 10 patients were female (66.7% and 33.3%, respectively). Age (odd ratio=1.14), Accompanying injury (odd ratio=2.06), underlying disease, Psychiatric treatment (odd ratio=44.73), sociopsychological environment (odd ratio=17.53),daily activities (odd ratio=8.76) were significant. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the risk factors for depression after amputation are age, accompanying injury, and underlying diseases, irrespective of whether or not patients received psychiatric treatment, and not associated with isolated sociopsychological environments, or hypoactivity of daily living.
Amputation* ; Case-Control Studies ; Depression* ; Female ; Fractures, Open* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lower Extremity* ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Soft Tissue Injuries*

PURPOSE: Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium(INVM) can present as heart failure or arrhythmias in a child. It is a rare disorder, characterized by prominent trabecular meshwork and deep intertrabecular recesses. We still know little about the diagnosis, symptoms, and clinical outcomes of INVM. METHODS: We included in our study 6 patients who showed ventricular noncompaction on echocardiography. Patients were diagnosed as INVM were excessively prominent trabeculations with deep intertrabecular recesses were found on echocardiography. Patients who had other complex heart lesions such as pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in addition to ventricular noncompaction, were excluded. RESULTS: Age at presentation ranged from 1 day 7 years, with follow up being as long as 6 years. Symptoms at initial presentation were heart murmur, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, cyanosis, feeding intolerance, ventricular tachycardia, and cardiomegaly at fetal screening. Prominent trabeculations and intertrabecular recesses were observed at left ventricular apex in all six patients. All patients were alive at last follow-up. One patient showed WPW syndrome on electrocardiography. Echocardiography revealed decreased systolic function in 4 patients, and decreased systolic and diastolic function in 1 patient. One patient is currently asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Six patients were diagnosed with INVM with various symptoms at initial presentation. Echocardiography is the most important tool in the diagnosis of INVM due to its morphological characteristics. INVM can rarely be the cause of long term systolic dysfunction, and early detection by echocardiographic screening may be beneficial.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Cardiomegaly ; Child ; Cyanosis ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Heart Murmurs ; Humans ; Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium* ; Mass Screening ; Pulmonary Atresia ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Trabecular Meshwork ; Ventricular Septum ; Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

PURPOSE: We wanted to describe the characteristics of the malpractice claims related to acute appendicitis and to identify medico-legal problems and potential preventability of such claims. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed by reviewing the records at websites that furnishes judicial precedents. The records on closed malpractice claims involving acute appendicitis were abstracted from the files that were available for analysis. The records were reviewed and analyzed to determine the causes of the lawsuits, the pre- and post-operative diagnoses, the comorbid conditions of the patient, the causes of death or post-operative complications, the results of the lawsuits and the factors associated with a successful defense. RESULTS: Twelve closed claims involving acute appendicitis were founded in the malpractice data. Two claims were Supreme Court decisions and ten were district court decisions. The causes of lawsuit were categorized as follows: delay in diagnosis or operation, mistakes during operation, inappropriate management of postoperative complications and problems related to general anesthesia. 3 claims were assigned to each of the 4 particular causes of lawsuits. The most common causes of death were abscess with peritonitis and sepsis, and ten of which resulted in indemnity payments. CONCLUSION: Appropriate explanation and attention in the diagnosis/progress of appendicitis, getting an informed consent from the patient, the patients' comorbid conditions, early decision making in diagnosis/operation and proper care in the operation were critical for preventing lawsuits related to acute appendicitis.
Abscess ; Anesthesia, General ; Appendicitis* ; Cause of Death ; Decision Making ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Jurisprudence ; Malpractice ; Peritonitis ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis ; Supreme Court Decisions

Skin is an emerging target tissue in pharmaceutical and cosmetic science. Safety assessment for dermal toxicity is a critical step for development of topically applicable pharmaceutical agents and ingredients in cosmetics. Urgent needs exist to set up toxicity testing methods for dermal safety, and identification of novel biomarkers for pathological cutaneous alteration is highly required. Here we will discuss if vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has a potential as a biomarker for dermal impairment. Experimental and clinical evidences for induction of keratinocytic VEGF under pathological conditions will be reviewed.
Biomarkers ; Skin* ; Toxicity Tests ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*