The thyroid nodule is a very common thyroid disease in adults, with an increasing incidence. Cancers are found in 10~14% of patients presenting with palpable thyroid nodules. As FNA is the single best test for evaluation of thyroid nodules, FNA should be the first test in patients with a thyroid nodule 1cm or larger. According to the FNA findings, thyroid nodules are usually classified into three categories: malignant, benign, and suspicious/indeterminate lesions. Malignant nodules should be treated by surgery, while benign nodules can be followed without any medical treatment or suppressed by L-T4 treatment. Patients with suspicious/indeterminate nodules, are malignant in 10% to 20% of cases, should be advised to undergo surgery.
Adult ; Humans ; Incidence ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Humans

This study was done to determine the correlation between body image and depression among women with urinary incontinence. The ultimate goal was to contribute to the planning of nursing intervention towark the establishment of a positive body image and the prevention of depression in women with urinary incontinence. The data were collected from Jan. 10 to May. 30, 1998 from 98 adult women, who lived in Cheonan City, Korea. The insturments were Hendrickson's Stress Incontinence Scale, physical self-image items out of Fitts' Tennessee self concept Scale, Osgood's Semantic Differential Scale, and Zung's self-rating Depression Scale. The data were analyzed using the SAS computerized program and include percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this study are summarized as follows, 1. It was reported that 61.2% of the subjects experienced urinary incontinence. The level of body image perceived by urinary incontinent women had a mean of 58.56(SD=7.02) ; women with urinary incontinence showed mild depression. 2. The level of depression and body image was not significantly different between the incontinent or continent. There were significant differences in depression levels according to the severity of urinary incontinence of the subjects. 3. Severity of urinary incontinence and body image was negatively correlated (r=-0.300, p<0.01) ; correlation between depression and body image was negative (r=-0.578, p<0.01). 4. There are significant differences in body image according to use of medication, itching, and sensitivity of the vagina. 5. There are significant differences in depression with discharges from the vagina, itching, and sensitivity of the vagina. In conclusion, as urinary incontinence in women proved mildly depressive, health care providers need to develop and provide nursing intervention for the urinary incontinent with the goal of helping clients establish a positive body image and prevent depression.
Adult ; Body Image* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Depression* ; Female ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing ; Pruritus ; Self Concept ; Semantic Differential ; Tennessee ; Urinary Incontinence* ; Vagina

The purpose of this study is to afford basic data for planning a program to strategically prevent adolescent sexual violence by clarifying the concept of sexual violence in adolescence and investigating factors influencing the adolescent attitudes towards sexual violence. Subjects of the study were 288 adolescents between the ages of 14 to 21, living in K city in Chungnam Province. The data was collected for this study between May 30 and June 13, 2001. For this study, the following materials were used as instruments: the types of attitudes toward sexual violence developed by Nam, S. Y.(2000), the antisocial personality by Min, B. K., Choi, S. J., & Lee, G. H.(1978), the self-esteem developed by Rosenberg(1965) and interpreted by Jeon, B. J.(1974), the family support developed by Cobb(1976), the stereotyped sex role and the attitude on sexuality by Kim, E. J.(1997). The data was analyzed, using SPSS 7.5 for Windows Program, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and discriminant analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Adolescents of the first type, ones blaming social morals, amounted to 34.7%(100 subjects), the second type, ones blaming the victims, amounted to 22.3%(64 subjects), the third type, ones claiming reform of consciousness, amounted to 25.3%(73 subjects), and the fourth type, ones coping actively, amounted to 17.7%(51 subjects). 2. Attitudes toward sexual violence were influenced a great deal by the sex of the subject. 3. The study revealed that various types of the attitudes toward sexual violence was significantly different from one another, related to antisocial personality(F=2.80, P= .04). Especially the first type and the third type were most different from each other. The latter showed the antisocial personality strongly, compared with the former. 4. Discriminant analysis revealed that the most powerful predictors of attitudes toward sexual violence were the sex of the subject and whether or not they had an antisocial personality. 5. The degree of possibility of identifying a risk group of adolescents was 45.9% and the possibility of identifying a non-risk group was 73.3%. The hit ratio was 67.8%. In conclusion, the results of the study lead us to understand the type of adolescent attitudes toward sexual violence. The results will be useful to furnish a guideline for nursing intervention and education programs to prevent sexual violence in adolescence.
Adolescent* ; Antisocial Personality Disorder ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Consciousness ; Education ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Morals ; Nursing ; Sex Offenses* ; Sexuality

Bioequivalence is defined as the absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety in pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives becomes available at the site of drug action when administered at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions in either a single dose or multiple doses in an appropriately designed study. If a drug is to be bioequivalent to the reference drug, the confidence interval for both pharmacokinetic parameters, AUC(area under the plasma concentration-time curve) and Cmax(maximal plasma concentration), must be entirely within the 80% to 125% of those of the reference drug. Underlying the concept of bioequivalence is the thesis that, if a drug product contains a drug substance that is chemically identical and is delivered to the site of action at the same rate and extent as another drug product, then it is equivalent and can be substituted for that drug product. The primary concern from the regulatory point of view is the protection of the patient against approval of products that are not bioequivalent. In this paper the general concept and the practical significance of the bioequivalence is described. The recently revised Korean guideline for bioequivalence test is also discussed.
Drug Substitution ; Humans ; Molar ; Plasma ; Therapeutic Equivalency*

Antibiotics are prescribed to prevent infection and to treat established or presumptive infections. In choosing the appropriate antibiotics, a number of factors must be considered. First, the identity of the infecting organism must be known. Second, the information about the antibiotic susceptibility of the infecting organism must be as accurate as possible. Finally, host factors must be taken into consideration. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in children are different from those in adults and are important host factors. The antibiotics may be classified into several groups : the beta-lactams (i.e., penicillins, cephalosporins, carbacephems, and monobactam), glycopeptides (i.e., vancomycin), aminoglycosides, macrolides, and quinolones. This article describes the clinical application of selected antibiotics to infectious diseases with newly available agents in children. The development of new oral agents prescribed as once or twice per day achieves enhanced compliance. These include cefprozil, cefpodoxime, loracarbef, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and fluoroquinolones. Meropenem is also a newly available carbacephem approved for use in children. Antibiotics available but not approved for use in children are imipenem-ci-lastatin, aztreonam, quinolones, and several cephalosporins including "fourth"-generation such as cefipime. Recently the use of once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides has been evaluated in pediatric populations, which appears to be safe and effective, although further studise are warranted. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has generally been correlated with the rise of specific antibiotic use in clinical practice. Although the development of resistance may be inevitable, the rate at which it develops may be diminished by the rational use of antibiotics.
Adult ; Aminoglycosides ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Azithromycin ; Aztreonam ; Bacteria ; beta-Lactams ; Cephalosporins ; Child ; Clarithromycin ; Communicable Diseases ; Compliance ; Fluoroquinolones ; Glycopeptides ; Humans ; Macrolides ; Penicillins ; Pharmacokinetics ; Quinolones

No abstract available.
Emergencies*

No abstract available.
Korea* ; Rotavirus*

No abstract available.
Genetic Therapy*