No abstract available.
Cadmium*

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to estimate development of secondary sex characters and genitalia including testicular volume, penile length and girth, and prevalence of varicocele. In addition, we evalua ted the relationship between testicular volume and presence of varicocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted on 893 school boys between the ages of 14 to 15 years, 3rd grade middle school in Chonju city during the period september to October, 1999. The testicular volume was measured in the upright posture using Prader's orchidometer and penile length and girth were estimated with a ruler. Varicocele was evaluated by dubin's method. RESULTS: The testis volume (mean+/-SD) was 10.20+/-2.6ml on right and 9.93+/-2.6 on left and penile length (mean+/-SD) was 10.9+/-1.6cm and penile girth (mean+/-SD) was 8.0+/-0.8cm. The prevalence of varicocele was 38.2% (342/893) in left side, 16%(146/893) in right side. The difference in testicular volume between right and left testis was statistically significant in students with unilateral varicocele than the students without varicocele (0.78+/-1.06ml v/s, 0.54+/-1.01ml, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we obtained mean testicular volume, penile length and girth and higher incidence rate of varicocele on adolescent school age group in Chonju area. The difference in testicular varicocele. The reduction of the testicular volume with varicocele correlated with the severity of grade of varicocele need following up to disclose the effect of the varicocele on the testicular growth and fertility potential.
Adolescent ; Fertility ; Genitalia* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollabuk-do* ; Posture ; Prevalence* ; Testis ; Varicocele*

This study was performed on 50 cases of primary breast cancer removed surgically during the period 1990~1991 and compared the results of four morphologic methods developed for the detection of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, monoclonal antibody PCNA immunoreactivity, and the mean number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions(mAgNORs) to ascertain the prognostic significance and also to detect highly malignant heterogenous cancer. To determine the validity of these measurements, a variance analysis was done with Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA. The results showed that the significant correlation between histologic grade and ER/PR status(P=0.005/P=0.015), the borderline significant correlation between mAgNORs and ER/PR status(P=0.08), and between AgNORs and stage(P=0.07), PCNA has no correlation with ER/PR status(P=0.25), clinical stage and histologic grade. In follow up, four cases of invasive ductal carcinoma with ER/PR, developed early and rapid metastasis within 2 years, three of them were classified as histologic grade 3 and another case was grade 2, whereas two of them were classified ans stage III(+) and the rest were in stage IIB(+) and stage IIA(-). The mAgNOR count of these four cases were ranged from 3.32 to 4.29 which were in the aneuploid category most likely. One of them had rather stormy rapid course with multiple organ metastases resulting death within one year. These results indicated that ductal carcinoma(>2cm size) with ER-/PR- and high mAgNOR level or high PCNA grade, and hihg histologic grade had h highly malignant course, marked by rapidly developing metastases. Thus we concluded that the status of ER/PR alone in tumor tissue is an important information for selecting hormone treatment btu, for the ultimate prognosis, is a weak indicator. Therefore for early detection of such heterogenous tumor, besides ER/PR, AgNORs or PCNA, histologic grade and tumor size are very useful as biological indicators of prognosis. The status ER/PR in combination with these indicators are more accurate and provide better basis on which to base a decision for early implementation of chemotherapy from which to give probably benefit by inhibition of rapid progress.
Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Breast Neoplasms

No abstract available.
Seminal Vesicles* ; Ureter*

Femoral fracture, dislocation of the hip, or tasumatic amputation of the ipsilateral lower extremity is a rare injury. There has been only a few reports describing their managements. All amputated limbs are vulnerable to fracture, which occur frequently around the hip. Conservative treatments are not always adequate for the managements of fracture and dislocation of the hip and operative procedures are needed in almost patients. Among various operative measures, prosthetic replacement surgery may be indicated in cases of non-united fracture of the femoral neck, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, pathological fracture, or osteoporosis. We performed two cases of total hip replacement for the non-united fracture of the femoral neck(case 1) and the avascular necrosis of the femoral head(case 2) in the ipsilateral lower limb amputees, each. The early results were known to be very satisfactory postoperatively. The first patient was followed for 17 months and the second patient for 22 months. 1. P.C.A. femoral stems and acetabular cups were used without cement in both cases. A operative time was 2 hours and 22 minutes in the first case, 1 hour 45 minutes. in the second case. 2. There were no significant intraoperative or postoperative complications. 3. The functions of each hip were evaluated postoperatively by the method of Jesse and showed satisfactory results. 4. During the follow-up period, roentgenogram showed no significant bony changes around the femoral stems and acetabular cups. 5. The prosthetic replacement is also valuable for the treatment of the fracture-dislocation of the hip in the lower limb amputee.
Acetabulum ; Amputation ; Amputees ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Dislocations ; Extremities ; Femoral Fractures ; Femur Neck ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Spontaneous ; Head ; Hip ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Methods ; Necrosis ; Operative Time ; Osteoporosis ; Postoperative Complications ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

This is a follow-up study of 88 cases of cementless total hip replacement in 77 patients(59 males and 18 female), using AML, PCA and HGP prostheses, performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, between September 1984 and December 1987. The follow-up period ranged from 18 to 56 months, the average being 34 months. The youngest patient was 21 and the oldest one was 79, the average being 47 years. The results were as follows:1. The average of Harris hip score was 89.7 points(Preop, 55.4 pints) at one year for 77 patients and 91.4 points at two years for 68 patients. 2. Radiographic analysis. a. Radiodense line:10 cases(11.4%) around the acetabular cup. 20 cases(22.7%) around the femoral stem. b. Calcar resorption:4 cases with AML stem(4/30), 2 cases with HGP stem(2/7). c. Subsidence:5 cases in PCA group(5/51).d. Radiological loosening:1 cases in PCA stem(1/51). 3. Intraoperative complications a. Femur neck fracture:15 cases(17%);5 cases in PCA group(5/51), 8 cases in AML group (8/31), and 2 cases in HGP group(2/7). b. Lateral collateral ligament tear:One case in PCA prosthesis(1/51). 4. Postoperative complications a. Prosthetic joint dislocation occured in 3 cases:1 case, closed reduction after tight adductor release:2 cases, cup reinsertion due to poor cup position. 5. Heterotopic ossification developed in 5 cases(5.7%) without significant loss of ROM. 6. Postoperative infection developed in 2 cases(2.3%):One superficial and the other deep. All were treated successfully with systemic antibiotics after irrigation and debridement.
Acetabulum ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Debridement ; Dislocations ; Femur Neck ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gangwon-do ; Hip ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Joints ; Lateral Ligament, Ankle ; Male ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Postoperative Complications ; Prostheses and Implants

PURPOSE: The study of the causative factors, surgical approachs and the clinical course of symptoms related to sciatic nerve injury after THR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 6 patients with sciatic nerve injury in 669 hips total hip arthroplasty during the period from Jan., 1986 to Dec., 1994. Each patient's record was reviewed with respect to age, sex, possible etiology, clinical course, surgical approach, treatment, and clinical condition at follow-up examination. RESULTS: ➀ The increased prevalence of nerve palsy was seen in revision surgeries(4 cases, 3.2%) compared to primary arthroplasty(2 cases, 0.4%) ➁ There was 2 cases(0.8%) of sciatic nerve injury in direct lateral approach and posterior approach, 4 cases(1%) ➂ Possible mechanisms of nerve injury included excessive soft tissue traction(3 cases), electrical thermal injury(1 case), Trochanteric fracture during femoral stem removal(1 case), and overlengthening of femur(1 case). ➃ The isolated peroneal division of the sciatic nerve was injured in 5 cases, and the both peroneal and tibial divisions were injured in one case. ➄ At a following period of 5 month, recovery of neurologic function was complete in con case, and two years follow up, 4 cases had a enough recovery of neurologic function(modified Sunderland scale 1,2). However, remained one case had a persistent severe weakness & dysesthesia at even 3 years follow-up. The prognosis for neurological recovery was related the degrees to which the nerve was damaged.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip ; Humans ; Paralysis ; Paresthesia ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sciatic Nerve

No abstract available.
Muscle, Smooth* ; Renin* ; Renin-Angiotensin System*

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell*

No abstract available.