Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is one of the most important regulators in immune system, as it plays an essential part both in immune activation and suppression. However, as the first immunotherapy drug approved for the treatment of cancer, IL-2 is limited in clinical application by the serious adverse reactions. The long-felt needs in clinical practice, including prolonged half-lives, T cell subset specificity, and toxicity reduction can be achieved by polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification, Fc fusing, or protein mutation of IL-2. NKTR-214, the most advanced IL-2 pathway-targeted agent in clinical development for oncology, shows exciting results in treatment of melanoma in combination with nivolumab. At the same time, many more other modified molecules against cancer and autoimmune diseases are being tested in clinical research, an exciting future lying ahead for IL-2 therapeutics.
Drug Development ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Interleukin-2/therapeutic use* ; Melanoma/drug therapy* ; Nivolumab/therapeutic use* ; Polyethylene Glycols

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy, including neoadjuvant single- or dual-drug immunotherapy or combined immunotherapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, has witnessed a rapid development in non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical trials exhibited the encouraging pathological responses and certain clinical benefits in selected patients, with tolerable toxicity. Nivolumab with chemotherapy has been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first immunotherapy-based treatment for non-small cell lung cancer in the neoadjuvant treatment setting. There is the need for further evaluation of long-term efficacy, side effects or surgical issues for neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use* ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology* ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Nivolumab/therapeutic use*

BACKGROUND: Nivolumab is an checkpoint inhibitor combining with programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, which can block the interactions between PD-1 and programmed death ligands (PD-L), including PD-L1 and PD-L2. And then block the immunosuppression mediated by the PD-1 pathway. The aim of the study is to investigate the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of treatment-related skin toxicity caused by PD-1 inhibitor Nivolumab. METHODS: The clinical data of treatment-related skin toxicity caused by PD-1 inhibitor Nivolumab in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma admitted to the Shanghai Chest Hospital was retrospectively analyzed. The diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the patient were discussed. RESULTS: The patient was a 60-year-old male presented with relapse after surgery and adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy for his lung carcinoma. The patient's condition still progressed after multiple chemotherapy, targeted therapy and local radiotherapy of bone metastasis. Then Nivolumab, a kind of PD-1 inhibitors, was given intravenously every 3 weeks with the average dosage 3 mg/kg. After one cycle of Nivolumab, the patient began to have skin rashes, which aggravated gradually. The patient's skin toxicity was alleviated after enough steroids and was controlled with tapering steroids slowly. Now the patient was still given oral steroids treatment. And the lung disease remained stable. CONCLUSIONS Immune-related skin toxicity associated with PD-1 inhibitor should be aware of; early detection, early treatment and the prognosis could be better. It is necessary to improve the understanding of Immune-related skin toxicity associated with PD-1 inhibitor, to diagnose and treat it early, and the prognosis could be better.
Adenocarcinoma of Lung ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nivolumab ; adverse effects ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Prognosis ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Skin ; drug effects