OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of low-intensity ultrasound on the contents of endothelin (ET-1) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) in uterine tissues of SD rats after abortion.

METHODSThirty female pregnant rats were randomly divided into treatment group and control group and received mifepristone and misoprostol to induce abortion. The rats in the treatment group were treated by low-intensity ultrasound for 30 min/day for 5 consecutive days, and those in the control group received sham treatment. The uterine tissue was then taken and homogenized for measurement of ET-1 and NO contents using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and chemical testing.

RESULTSET-1 content in the uterine tissues was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.05), but NO content showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSLow-intensity ultrasound can promote the contraction of uterine smooth muscles by increasing the level of ET-1 to modulate the homeostasis of ET-1 and NO.

Abortion, Induced ; Animals ; Endothelin-1 ; metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Nitrous Oxide ; metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ultrasonography ; Uterus ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: Atracurium is eliminated by Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis, with minimal renal and hepatic excretion. It's action duration is not affected by renal function. Although metabolism of vecuronium is less dependent on the renal function than other steroid type neuromuscular blockers, the action duration of vecuronium is prolonged in renal failure. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences of the action duration of atracurium and vecuronium in patients with renal failure. METHODS: Forty patients with normal renal function and 40 patients with chronic renal failure were assigned to one of four groups: atracurium-normal (n=20, AC group), atracurium-renal failure (n=20, AK group), vecuronium-normal (n=20, VC group), vecuronium-renal failure (n=20, VK group). Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with the inhalation of nitrous oxide (50%) and isoflurane (0.5~1.5 vol%). Atracurium (0.5 mg/kg) or vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg) was given and endotracheal intubation was performed after twitch response was depressed more than 80%. Neuromuscular blockade was assessed by train-of-four at the adductor pollicis with supramaximal stimulation of ulnar nerve of 2 Hz every 12 sec. The onset time, duration of 5, 25, 50, 75% recovery time and recovery index were checked. RESULTS: Onset of block was not significantly different among four gorups. Recovery time of 5, 25, 50, 75% and recovery index were longer in the both renal failure groups. Action durations in renal failure were not significantly different between AK and VK groups. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that action duration of atracurium and vecuronium are affected by renal function. We would better monitor muscle relaxation and titrate dose of muscle relaxant.
Anesthesia ; Atracurium* ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Inhalation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Isoflurane ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Metabolism ; Muscle Relaxation ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ; Nitrous Oxide ; Renal Insufficiency* ; Thiopental ; Ulnar Nerve ; Vecuronium Bromide*

It has been shown that blood glucose level was risen during cardiopulmonary bypass procedure. However it is uncertain whether this alteration in carbohydrate metabolism in the result of inadequate insulin release or of an abnormality in glucose metabolism. This report concerns glucose metabolism and insulin release as well change in serum potassium concentration in patients undergoing cardiac surgery under moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Hyperglycemia and delayed insulin response to glucose may be due to an increase in catecholamine retion induced by the surgical trauma and hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma glucose, insulin, serum sodium and potassium concentrations were measured in 14 patients undergoing open heart surgery with moderate hypothermia. Patients were anesthetized with fentanyl 10~20 pg/kg, droperidol and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Priming solution of bypass was composed with heparinized whole blood, Hartmann's solution and 5% dextrose water added at the ratio of 2:1, as a result of hematocrit 28~30% during bypass A significant in blood glucose concentration occurred with bypass from the control value of 87.0+/-7.85 mg/dl to 529.8+/-67.52 mg/dl in children and from 88.8+/-10.42 mg/dl to 474.8+/-62.27 mg/dl in adults (p<0.05), partly as a result of the stress hyperglycemia and exogenous glucose load from the priming solution. Following bypass the blood glucose remained above the preanesthetic concentration at the level of 237.2+/-57.57 mg/dl in children and 210.4+/-45.29 mg/dl in adults, and this elevation persisted into the period following surgery (p<0.05). Plasma insulin concentration remained low in spite of increased glucose concentration at the level of 7.8+/-2.79 ul.U/ml in children and 10.1+/-3.84 pI.U/ml in adults and start to elevate with the start of bypass. The highest concentration at 39.6+/-13.90 ul.U/ml in children and 40.5+/-16.97 ul.U/ml in adults occurred following hypothermia and this elevation persisted during bypase procedure(p<0.05). Serum sodium and potassium concentration decreased significantly at the level of 134.0+/-3.58 mEq/ L and 3.1+/-0.40 mEq/L in children and 128.9+/-4.49 mEq/L and 3.2+/-0.37 mEq/L in adults, respeetively, following bypaas procedure (p<0.05). These observations indicated that exogenous glucose load such as glucose contained priming solution and cardioplegic solution may aggravate the stress hyperglycemia.
Adult ; Blood Glucose* ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Cardioplegic Solutions ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass* ; Child ; Droperidol ; Fentanyl ; Glucose ; Hematocrit ; Heparin ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypothermia ; Insulin* ; Metabolism ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Plasma ; Potassium ; Sodium ; Thoracic Surgery ; Water

Tooth movement is the result of bone metabolism in the periodontium, where various cytokines take important roles. Interleukin-6(Il-6) and nitrous oxide (NO) were reported to be secreted from osteoblasts in the process of bone resorption. The mechanism of the process has not been clearly understood, but the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was known to be an important process in the release of the inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. In this regard, to prove the role of MAPK in the release of IL-6 and NO in MC3T3E-1 osteoblasts, Northern blot analysis, Western blot analysis and immune complex kinase assay were used. As a result, the treatment of MC3T3E-1 osteoblast cultures with combined interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-6, resulting in sustained releases of large amounts of NO and IL-6. However, IFN-gamma, LPS, and TNF-alpha individually induce a non-detectable or small amount of NO and IL-6 in MC3T3E-1 osteoblasts. The role of MAPK activation in the early intracellular signal transduction involved in iNOS and IL-6 transcription in the combined agents-stimulated osteoblasts has been investigated. The p38 MAPK pathway is specifically involved in the combined agents-induced NO and IL-6 release, since NO and IL-6 release in the presence of a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-metylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole) (SB203580), were significantly diminished. In contrast, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK1, had no effect on NO and IL-6 release. Northern blot analysis showed that the p38 MAPK pathway controlled the iNOS and IL-6 transcription level. These data suggest that p38 MAPK play an important role in the secretion of NO and IL-6 in LPS/IFNgamma- or TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma-treated MC3T3E-1 osteotion of
Antigen-Antibody Complex ; Blotting, Northern ; Blotting, Western ; Bone Resorption ; Cytokines ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-6* ; Macrophages ; Metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Nitric Oxide* ; Nitrous Oxide ; Osteoblasts* ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Periodontium ; Phosphotransferases* ; Protein Kinases ; Signal Transduction ; Tooth Movement ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of traditional classical compound Wulingsan on renal hemodynamic in rats with adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephrosis.

METHODAfter establishing a model of rats with adriamycin-induced nephrosis, we administrated wulin-san to the ADR rats via oral gavage for four weeks and measured mean arterial blood preasure (MABP) with manometer. Renal clearance of paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) and inulin were detected, then renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were calculated. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) was calculated as the division of MABP by RPF. Renal endothelin (ET) and angiotensin II (Ang II) were detected with radioimmunity assay kits, and nitrous oxide (NO) was detected with biochemical kits.

RESULTThere was no significant change of GFR in ARD rats, but RPF and NO were decreased, which accompanied by enhanced RVR, ET and Ang II. RPF was increased in the administrated rats, in company with RVR, ET and Ang II decreased, whereas NO was not influenced after the administration.

CONCLUSIONWulingsan can improve the renal hemodynamic in ADR rats, at least in part by modulating the levels of vasoactive factor.

Angiotensin II ; metabolism ; Animals ; Doxorubicin ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Endothelins ; metabolism ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; drug effects ; Kidney ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Nephrosis ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Nitrous Oxide ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Renal Circulation ; drug effects ; Renal Plasma Flow ; drug effects ; Vascular Resistance ; drug effects

The aim of this study was to develop a nonlinear mixed-effects model for the increase in cerebral oximetry (rSO2) during the rapid introduction of desflurane, and to determine the effect of hypocapnia and N2O on the model. Twelve American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status class 1 and 2 subjects were allocated randomly into an Air and N2O group. After inducing anesthesia, desflurane was then increased abruptly from 4.0 to 12.0%. The PET(CO2), PET(DESF) and rSO2 were recorded at 12 predetermined periods for the following 10 min. The maximum increase in rSO2 reached +24-25% during normocapnia. The increase in rSO2 could be fitted to a four parameter logistic equation as a function of the logarithm of PET(DESF). Hypocapnia reduced the maximum response of rSO2, shifted the EC50 to the right, and increased the slope in the Air group. N2O shifted the EC50 to the right, and reduced the slope leaving the maximum rSO2 unchanged. The N2O-effects disappeared during hypocapnia. The cerebrovascular reactivity of rSO2 to CO2 is still preserved during the rapid introduction of desflurane. N2O slows the response of rSO2. Hypocapnia overwhelms all the effects of N2O.
Adult ; Anesthetics, Inhalation/*pharmacology ; *Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/drug effects/physiology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation/*drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypocapnia/*metabolism ; Isoflurane/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Theoretical ; Nitrous Oxide/*metabolism ; *Oximetry ; Random Allocation ; Regional Blood Flow/drug effects