No abstract available.
Humans ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium* ; Skin* ; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous*

This study was undertaken to acquire some information concerning the mechanism for reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye by neutrophils. Male rabbits weighing more than 2 kilograms were used in this study. The vaccines. The vaccines utilized were bacterial and viral ones such as typhoid, cholera, measles, and mumps vaccines. The histochemical NBT test was carried out using the method by Park et al. With some modification. Vaccines were given the rabbits, and changes were observed in the percentage and number of pseudoeosinophils and NBT-positive pseudoeosils in the peripheral blood. The data obtained thus were discussed and summarized as follow:1. The percentage of the NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils increased in the rabbits to which the bacterial vaccines were given. 2. The percentage of NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils decreased in the rabbits to whick viral vaccines were given. 3. No association was found between the percentage of the NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils and the number of pseudodosinophils following the administeration.
Bacterial Vaccines ; Cholera ; Humans ; Male ; Measles ; Mumps ; Neutrophils ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium* ; Rabbits* ; Typhoid Fever ; Vaccines ; Viral Vaccines

The present study was undertaken to inveatigate whether contaet sensitivity was decreased or not in patients with atopic dermatitis, and to investigate phagocytic function of neutrophils in patients with atopic dermatitis. 1. Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), a compound which uniformly induce hypersensitivity in normal individuals, had been used in the preaent study to investigate cutaneous anergy in 16 patients with atopic dermatitis. Sensitizing does of DNCB (2,000 microgram) was applied and examined at 7th and 14th day for a spontaneous flare. In the absence of spontaneous flare, challenge dose (50microgram) was reapplied and examined. Seven of the 16 cases (43.8%.) had positive reaction to DNCB. These result showed decreased contact sensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis, which suggested some defect in the cell-mediated immunity in patients with atopic dermatitis. 2. There were some evidence that susceptibility to certain infection was increased in patients with atopic dermatitis. For investigating killing function in phagoeytosis of neutrophils in patients with atopic dermatitis, nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction (NBT) and stimalated NBT test had performed in 35 cases of atopic dermatitis and 20 cases of healthy control. 1) There was no significant difference in the mean percentage and absolute number of NBT positive neutrophils between whole group of atopic dermatitis (8. 4+4. 9%, 301.2+225.6) and control group (6. 9+2. 9%, 246.2+143. 8). 2) The mean percentage and absolute number of stmulated NBT poeitive neutrophils in whole group of atopic dermatitis (19.6+7.3%, 702. 1+377. 2) did not differ significantly from control group (22.7+5.3%, 812.2+382.2). 3) There was no significant difference in the mean value of NBT aad stimulated NBT test in comparing the mild groud, moderate group and severe group with control group. These resuIts suggested that killing function in phagocytosis of neutrophils in patients with atopic dermatitis was not impaired.
Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Dinitrochlorobenzene* ; Homicide ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunity, Cellular ; Neutrophils ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium ; Phagocytosis

BACKGROUND: The immunomodulatory effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the innate immune responses of eel (Anguilla japonica) were studied. METHODS: Mistletoe, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control was injected into eel peritoneal cavities. RESULTS: Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells in the head kidney of eel were significantly augmented by the second day post-injection of mistletoe. Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) were more produced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney leucocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity in the serum of fish 2 days after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that in the serum of the control fish. The optimal concentration of mistletoe in inducing the highest serum lysozyme activity was revealed to 500microgram/200 g of fish. In phagocytic activity assay, mistletoe-sensitized eel kidney phagocytes captured more zymosan than did the control fish. CONCLUSION: Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of eel.
Eels ; Head Kidney ; Immunity, Innate ; Kidney ; Mistletoe ; Muramidase ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium ; Oxygen ; Phagocytes ; Zymosan

The usefullness of the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test as an aid in the differential diagnosis of various meningitis was evaluated in infancy and childhood. 36 cases of patients with various meningitis who were admitted to the department of pediatrics in Severance Hospital from June, 1975 to March, 1976 and 8 cases of healthy children as control were the subject of this study. The following results were observed; the mean proportion of NBT-positive neutrophils was 4.0?2.0% in healthy control group, 17.0?.7% in patients with bacterial meningitis, 6.0?.3% in tuberculous menigitis, and 5.o?,1% in aspetic meningitis. And we couclued that NBT test is useful in differenciating various form of meningitis.
Child ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; Neutrophils ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium ; Pediatrics

Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction test is now widely used for early detection of bacterial infection. Practically nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction test (N.B.T. test) gives certain clue to rule out any possibility of aseptic inflammation. Authors performed N.B.T. test for 80 orthopaedic diseases and 40 controls, and the results were as followings: 1. Forty-one of 60 subjects with bacterial infection had more than 10% formazan positive neutrophils, and 18 of 20 subjects without bacterial infection showed less than 10%. formazan positive neutrophils, The groups of the elevated N.B.T. responses were mainly the subjects who had osteomyelitis, soft tissue inflammation, pyogenic arthritis, and bone and joint tuberculosis. 2. The mean proportion of N.B.T. positive neutrophils was 3.8±2.78% in 40 controls, 4.7±4.23% in 20 nonifectious group 12.7±10.3% in 12 chronic osteomyelitis, 12.5±10.7% in 15 treated bone and joint tuberculosis, 20.9±15.65% in 15 untreated bone and joint tuberculosis and 20±10.70% in 11 pyogenic arthritis and 7 other soft inflammatory group. 3. In noninfectious group, 7 of 8 subjects with elevated ESR and 3 of 4 subjects with elevated body temperature revealed N.B.T. responses less than 10%. 4. In 23 subjects with the elevated N.B.T. responses as well as leukecytosis, 22 subjects were the groups of bacterial infection and rest 1 was noninfectious in nature. 5. Therefore, the N.B.T. test is found to be useful for the purposes of the early diagnostic aid of the bacterial infection and differential diagnosis between bacterial infections and other diseases.
Arthritis ; Bacterial Infections ; Body Temperature ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Inflammation ; Neutrophils ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium ; Osteomyelitis ; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postnasal drip is one of the most common symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and is the main cause of chronic cough. To evaluate the effect of upper airway inflammation defined as CRS on lower bronchial airway, we compared the cytology of nasal secretion (NS) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of normal controls and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis accompanying with and without chronic cough normal controls. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Ten patients of CRS with postnasal drip were selected. Five of them had chronic cough and the others not. Five normal controls were selected. NS collected using Juhn's tymanic tap and BALF collected through fiberoptic bronchoscopy were diluted with dithiothreitol and PBS. These samples were centrifused and then cytospin slide was prepared. The cytology of the slides were evaluated under light microscope after Wright stain. To examine neutrophil activity, nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) test was performd. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney Rank Sum W test. RESULTS: In NS, there were no significant differences in the cell populations among coughing, noncoughing, and the normal control group. NBT positivity of coughing (34.2%) and noncoughing (31.5%) groups showed significantly higher than those of controls (8.6%). In BALF of coughing group, the population of macrophages (78.0%) was significantly lower than noncoughing (86.6%) and control (92.8%) groups, and population of lymphocytes (20.8%) was significantly higher than noncoughing (12.6%) and the control (6.4%) groups. In BALF of noncoughing group, the population macrophages was lower and those of lymphocytes were higher than the control group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CRS enhances increased local immune responses and decreased phagocytic activity of the lower airway. And chronic cough in patients with CRS is thought to be dependent on individual tolerance to cough provocation, not on aspiration of postnasal drip of discharge.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid* ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage* ; Bronchoscopy ; Cough* ; Dithiothreitol ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Neutrophils ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium ; Sinusitis

The hepatic structural and functional unit of the mouse was demonstrated by the relative enzymatic activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the hepatic parenchyma, empIoying the method for succinic dehydrogenase of Nachlas et al. (1957), using Nitro-BT to frozen sections of about 1O micra. In the hepatic structure of the mouse, three different geometricaI areas were classified: the perivascular area of the portal stem, which continued into the preter- minal portal branch; the area of the preterminal portal vein, and the area of the terminal portal twig, this being considered to be the real functional unit, which extends into the neighbouring hepatic lobule according to the pattern of distribution or activity of succinic dehydrogenase. The hepatic parenchyma, which showed strong succinic dehydrogenase activity, was considered to correspond with the heavily loaded parenchymal area with mitochondria, according to the previous observa-tions of hepatic mitochondria in the mouse, as presented by the author (1961). The periphera1 areas or zones, including the pericentral area around a central vein, of the real functional hepatic unit, which was described by Rappaport et al. (1954) and others, showed less activity of succinic dehydrogenase, and the perivascular areas of branches of the hepatic vein reacted weakly. Acknowledgments: This work was carried out With the help of grants from the Research Committee Of Yonsei University College of Medicine and With a supply of chemicals from the China Medical Board. I wish to thank Dr. K. D. Choi, Department of Anatomy for helpful encouragement.
Animals ; China ; Financing, Organized ; Frozen Sections ; Hepatic Veins ; Liver* ; Mice* ; Mitochondria ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium ; Portal Vein ; Succinate Dehydrogenase* ; Veins

PURPOSE: It has been reported that the Nitroblue Tetrazolium(NBT) test is more accurate than the urine pH, leukocyte esterase and nitrite test as a screening test of urinary tract infection (UTI). The purpose of this study is to compare the NBT test with other screening tests and evaluate the clinical usefulness of the NBT test as a screening test. METHODS: We selected 298 results out of the 304 urine cultures which were performed from March, 1999 to July, 1999 and compared them with screening tests such as NBT, urine pH, leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests. We interpreted those results as the urinary tract infection when the screening results were urine NBT(+), pH(>6.5), leukocyte esterase(>or=++) and nitrite(+). RESULTS: Urine NBT, pH and leukocyte esterase tests showed the statistical significance in comparison with the urine culture results(chi-square tests; P<0.001, <0.05, <0.001), while urine nitrite tests did not show statistical significance. As time passing, the sensitivity of 10 min, 30 min, 60 min NBT test was increased to 35%, 72%, 80% respectively but the sensitivity of urine pH and leukocyte esterase was as low as 33%, 16% respectively. But, the specificity of NBT test was reduced from 93% to 53% as the time went by, while the specificity of urine pH and leukocyte esterase tests were as high as each 79%, 96% respectively. Urine NBT tests at 10 min and 30 min showed a higher positive and negative predictive value than those of the other screening tests. CONCLUSION: Urine NBT test as a screening test for UTI was more accurate than the urine pH, nitrite and leukocyte esterase tests. But we think that we should develop a more quick and precise screening test in the future, because of the long time it requires to perform it.
Child* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Leukocytes ; Mass Screening* ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

PURPOSE: Chemotherapeutic agents are known to induce cell death in cancer cells by apoptotic mechanisms. This study was to investigate the influence of the differentiation on the apoptotic potential of chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS: Etoposide and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) were chosen as chemotherapeutic agents, and human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, was used as target cells. RESULTS: Etoposide or Ara-C treated HL-60 cells showed cytoplasmic blebbing and nuclear condensation and fragmentation under fluorescence microscope when stained with acridine orange/ethidium bromide. In addition, the cellular DNA of HL-60 cells was found to cleave into internucleosomal fragments after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. These findings were the characteristics of apoptosis and suggested the induction of apoptotic cell death of HL-60 cells by etoposide or Ara-C treatment. HL-60 cells are known to differentiate into myeloid or monocytic lineage by retinoic acid, phorbol 12-myristate acetate (PMA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and this differentiation itself can activate apoptosis program, so-called 'apoptosis by terminal differentiation'. The effect of terminal differentiation by PMA or DMSO on the apoptosis induced by etoposide or Ara-C was also investigated, utilizing qualitative and quantitative DNA fragmentation assay. HL-60 cells treated with PMA (100 nM) were adherent to culture dish and formed cellular processes. DMSO (1.25%) treated HL-60 cells instead recovered the ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium to blue-to-purple formazan, indicating its differentiation. After induction of differentiation by PMA or DMSO, differentiated HL-60 cells were treated with etoposide (10 muM) and Ara-C (50 muM) to compare its apoptotic potential with that of undifferentiated HL-60 cells. The ladder DNA induced by etoposide and Ara-C was decreased in differentiated HL-60 cells. On quantitative analysis of DNA fragmentation, PMA reduced DNA fragmentation induced by etoposide and Ara-C to 73% and 69%, respectively, and DMSO reduced it to 74% and 56%, respectively. In western blot analysis, the expression of Bcl-2, which is known to inhibit etoposide and Ara-C induced apoptosis, decreased significantly in HL-60 cells differentiated by PMA or DMSO. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the differentiation of HL-60 cells by PMA or DMSO prevents apoptosis by etoposide and Ara-C, but bcl-2 proto-oncogene may have only minor role in inhibiting apoptosis by chemotherapeutic agents in differentiated HL-60 cell.
Apoptosis* ; Blister ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Death ; Cell Line* ; Cytarabine ; Cytoplasm ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; DNA ; DNA Fragmentation ; Etoposide ; Fluorescence ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans* ; Leukemia ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Tretinoin