BACKGROUND: The selective unilateral administration of drugs into a single lung of a rat is difficult because of the small airway diameter. Therefore, a simple method for unilateral administration into rat lung is needed. METHODS: Rats were assigned to 1 of 2 groups according to the direction of the catheter used for drug administration. Anesthetized rats were intubated, and curved epidural catheters were rotated up to a maximum of 90degrees toward the left lung (group L) or right lung (group R). Bronchial catheters were then inserted via a tracheal tube and fixed. Methylene blue (0.3 ml) was injected via the epidural catheter. Additionally, to compare survival rates, rats were assigned to one of two groups according to the drug administration route. In group T, bleomycin hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) in 0.3 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was administrated into the lung intratracheally via a tracheal tube. In group B, the same dose of bleomycin was administrated into the lung intrabronchially via a bronchial catheter, targeting the left lung. RESULTS: Gross examination revealed that targeted administration was 100% successful. Methylene blue was observed in the right lung of all rats in the R group and in the left lung of all rats in the L group. The survival rate was higher in group B than in group T. CONCLUSIONS: The intrabronchial method offers an advantage over tracheal administration as it decreases mortality and allows the administration of a drug unilaterally into a single lung or into a localized area without the need for double-lumen tubes or more invasive procedures.
Animals ; Bleomycin ; Catheters ; Drug Administration Routes ; Imidazoles ; Lung ; Methylene Blue ; Nitro Compounds ; Rats ; Survival Rate

Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive treatment method recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. Few clinical experiences with TMS or rTMS have been reported in children and adolescents. The clinical application of rTMS in children and adolescents should rest on data showing clinical efficacy and age-related safety. Despite these cautions, rTMS offers the advantage of noninvasive treatment and represents an alternative to classical drug treatment. We reviewed the effect of TMS and rTMS in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Nitro Compounds ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; United States Food and Drug Administration

OBJECTIVEThe dermal absorption of Imidacloprid was studied to understand the effects of concentrations and skin reservoir on pesticide risk assessment in in vitro absorption studies.

METHODSBy using Franz diffusion cell and the transdermal barrier of viable Wistar rat abdomen skin or frozen ones, the imidacloprid content in the receptor fluid and skin was determined by LC/MS/MS method, and the absorption effects were compared between two concentrations of Imidacloprid solutions and two types of skin, respectively.

RESULTSAll percentages reported are % of applied dose. In vitro studies using viable skin, the Imidacloprid content in the receptor fluid of high and low concentration was 6.8%, 6.6% respectively; and 10.7%, 1.3% in skin, thus total absorption was 17.5% and 7.9%. And in vitro studies using both viable and frozen skin under the same concentration circumstances, the Imidacloprid content in the receptor fluid of viable and frozen skin was 6.6% and 0.7% respectively, in skin was 1.3% and 10.7%, and total absorption was 7.9% and 11.4%.

CONCLUSIONComparison of these in vitro results showed that either concentrations or skin reservoir had an effect on the dermal absorption. During 6h exposure, the high concentration in viable skin had the maximum dermal absorption value, which was the worst-case exposure estimate, also the best single estimate for pesticide risk assessment.

Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Imidazoles ; pharmacokinetics ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Skin ; metabolism ; Skin Absorption

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in United States and the fifth most common cancer in men in Korea. Although the majority of patients with metastatic prostate cancer initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy, almost all patients will eventually progress to develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Treatment options for CRPC remain limited. Prostate cancer was considered unresponsive to chemotherapy until the mid-1990s, when mitoxantrone combined with prednisone was shown to play a role in the palliative treatment of patients with CRPC. In 2004, two large randomized clinical trials demonstrated for the first time a small but significant survival advantage of docetaxel-based chemotherapy compared with mitoxantrone in patients with metastatic CRPC. Recently, cabazitaxel was shown to improve survival in patients with metastatic CRPC who progressed after docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Sipuleucel-T was also demonstrated to improve overall survival in patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic CRPC. Along with mitoxantrone and docetaxel, cabazitaxel and sipuleucel-T are now approved for use in metastatic CRPC by the US Food and Drug Administration. There have been multiple early-phase clinical trials of various agents for the treatment of CRPC, and some are in phase III development. This review focuses on the key clinical trials of various treatment options of CRPC currently in use and under investigation.
Humans ; Imidazoles ; Immunotherapy ; Korea ; Male ; Mitoxantrone ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Nitro Compounds ; Palliative Care ; Prednisone ; Prostate ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Taxoids ; Tissue Extracts ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration

Application of vaccine materials through oral mucosal route confers great economical advantage in animal farming industry due to much less vaccination cost compared with that of injection-based vaccination. In particular, oral administration of recombinant protein antigen against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an ideal strategy because it is safe from FMDV transmission during vaccine production and can induce antigen-specific immune response in mucosal compartments, where FMDV infection has been initiated, which is hardly achievable through parenteral immunization. Given that effective delivery of vaccine materials into immune inductive sites is prerequisite for effective oral mucosal vaccination, M cell-targeting strategy is crucial in successful vaccination since M cells are main gateway for luminal antigen influx into mucosal lymphoid tissue. Here, we applied previously identified M cell-targeting ligand Co1 to VP1 of FMDV in order to test the possible oral mucosal vaccination against FMDV infection. M cell-targeting ligand Co1-conjugated VP1 interacted efficiently with M cells of Peyer's patch. In addition, oral administration of ligand-conjugated VP1 enhanced the induction of VP1-specific IgG and IgA responses in systemic and mucosal compartments, respectively, in comparison with those from oral administration of VP1 alone. In addition, the enhanced VP1-specific immune response was found to be due to antigen-specific Th2-type cytokine production. Collectively, it is suggested that the M cell-targeting strategy could be applied to develop efficient oral mucosal vaccine against FMDV infection.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; Imidazoles ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Nitro Compounds ; Phenobarbital ; Vaccination

In April 2010, pruritic symptoms were recognized in 3 privately-owned Siamese cats raised in Gwangju, Korea. Examination of ear canals revealed dark brown, ceruminous otic exudates that contain numerous live mites at various developmental stages. Based on morphological characteristics of adult mites in which caruncles were present on legs 1 and 2 in adult females and on legs 1, 2, 3, and 4 in adult males while the tarsus of leg 3 in both sexes was equipped with 2 long setae, the mite was identified as Otodectes cynotis. Ten ear mite-free domestic shorthaired cats were experimentally infected with O. cynotis to evaluate the efficacy of 10% imidacloprid/1% moxidectin spot-on. Live mites were recovered from 1 of 10 treated cats on day 9 post-treatment (PT) while no live mites were observed from the ear canals of treated cats on days 16 and 30 PT. The efficacy of 10% imidacloprid/1% moxidectin spot-on on O. cynotis in cats was, therefore, 90% on day 9 and 100% on days 16 and 30 PT. This is the first report of otodectosis in 3 cats naturally infested with O. cynotis in Gwang-ju, Korea. Both natural and experimental infestations were successfully treated with 10% imidacloprid/1% moxidectin spot-on.
Acaricides/*administration & dosage ; Administration, Topical ; Animals ; Cat Diseases/*diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Cats ; Ear Diseases/diagnosis/drug therapy/veterinary ; Female ; Imidazoles/*administration & dosage ; Macrolides/*administration & dosage ; Male ; Mite Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Nitro Compounds/*administration & dosage ; Psoroptidae/*growth & development ; Republic of Korea ; Solutions/administration & dosage ; Treatment Outcome