Animals ; Encephalitis, Viral ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Malaysia ; epidemiology ; Nipah Virus ; isolation & purification

Nipah virus disease (NVD) is a newly emerged zoonosis with a case fatality rate of 40%-75%. NVD is a severe threat to human health and the development of livestock farming. NVD has become one of the emerging infectious diseases with great concern globally during more than 20 years. Nipah virus (NiV) is a pathogen for NVD, the natural host of which is Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family. The clinical spectrum of NiV infection is broad, including asymptomatic infection, acute respiratory infection, fatal encephalitis, and even death. Since NiV was first identified in Malaysia in 1999, it has been prevalent mainly in Southeast Asia and South Asia. NiV is primarily transmitted to humans through bat-pig-human, contaminated food. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic drugs and vaccines for NVD. Although there are no cases of NVD reported in China, which has close personnel and trade exchanges with major NVD-endemic countries, and NiV antibody has also been detected in relevant bats. There is a potential risk of importing NVD and domestic outbreaks in the future in this country. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress in the prevention and control of NVD etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis to help relevant staff to understand NVD more comprehensively and systematically.
Animals ; Chiroptera ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Henipavirus Infections/prevention & control* ; Nipah Virus ; Swine ; Zoonoses/prevention & control*

In this study, Recombinant baculoviruses rBac-NF and rBac-NG were generated for expressing F and G proteins Nipah virus (NiV) . The expression of recommbinant G (rNG) and F (rNF) protein in rBac-NF and rBac-NG infected cells were confirmed by western-blot. Both rNG and rNF showed sensitive and specific antigenic reaction to rabbit serum anti-Nipah virus in indirect immunofluorescence detection and indirect ELISA. Immunization with rBac-NF and rBac-NG infected insect cells elicited G ad F protein specific antibody responses in mice. Furthermore, the G ad F specific antibodies could neutralize the infectivity of the VSVdeltaG* F/G, the NiV F and G envelope glycoproteins psudotyped recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus expressing green fluorescence protein. The results demonstrated F and G protein expressed by the recombinant baculoviruses could be safe economic diagnostic antigens for the surveillance and monitoring of NiV and promising subunit vaccines for the prevention of NiV.
Animals ; Antigens, Viral ; immunology ; Baculoviridae ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nipah Virus ; chemistry ; genetics ; Rabbits ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; immunology

The two mammalian codon optimized genes, F and G genes of Nipah virus, were generated by assembly PCR, and inserted into mammalian expression vector pCAGGS under chicken beta-actin promoter to construct pCAGG-NiV-F and pCAGG-NiV-G. Syncytium formation was induced in BHK cells by plasmid pCAGG-NiV-F and pCAGG-NiV-G transfection, which indicate recombination proteins F and G were expressed in BHK cell and possessed good biologic activity. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice were intramuscularly primed with 100 microg pCAGG-NiV-F, pCAGG-NiV-G or pCAGG-NiV-F+ pCAGG-NiV-G respectively, and boosted with same dose after 4 weeks. The sera were collected at 3 weeks post second boost. The serum IgG against Nipah virus F and G proteins was detected by indirect ELISA using recombinant Baculovirus expressed Nipah F and G glycoproteins. The results showed that specific antibodies possessed good sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the G and F proteins' specific antibodies could neutralize the infectivity of VSVdeltaG* F/G (the NiV F and G envelope glycoproteins psudotyped recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescence protein). And, pCAGG-NiV-G also induced higher titer of neutralizing antibody response than pCAGG-NiV-F did. The result indicates that DAN immunization is an efficient vaccine strategy against Nipah virus.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Blotting, Western ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nipah Virus ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology