Objective To analyze the distribution and drug resistance rate of methicillin-resisitant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus(MSSA) isolated from different departments in a certain primary hospital during 2009 to 2012,and to provide scientific evidences for clinical application of antibiotics.Methods Pathogens and bacterial resistance to antibiotics were identified using the VITEK 2 compact equipment.The data were got from WHONTES.5 and analyzed by SPSS 13.0.Results There were 517 Staphylococcus aureus strains were detected(MRSA 135 strains,MSSA 382 strains).The rate of MRSA was 24.5％,27.7％,24.8％,27.0％ during the four years.MRSA was mainly found in the department of oncology,orthopaedicsand ICU.MRSA was mainly isolated from pus,secretion,sputum and blood.The 517 Staphylococcus aureus strains showed high sensitive to vancomycin,linezolid and teicoplanin,the sensitive rate was 100％.Conclusion Establishing a more comprehensive MDRO monitoring and hospital infection control system in the primary hospital,and rational using antibacterial drugs at the based of the antibiotics susceptibility test in the treatment can be effective in preventing MRSA resistance rates increasing and hospital-borne.

Objective To investigate the repair and protective effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on liver and bile duct after cardiac death in pig.Methods Eight pigs were purchased and cardiac arrest was induced by the administration of 1 g KCL intravenously,followed by 30 min cardiopulmonary resuscitation according to standard guideline.Cannulas were placed through inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta,and then connected to ECMO extracorporeal circulation pipes.ECMO was performed for 4 h.Circulation flow rate of hepatic artery and bile production were monitored and recorded.Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) in bile were detected.Transaminase,tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),interleukin-1β (IL-13),hyaluronic acid (HA),endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum were detected.Pathological change was observed by HE staining under optical microscope and cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL.Results There was no bile production after cardiac death,which increased to 80％ of the baseline after 4h of ECMO.In addition,γ-GT,LDH and DBIL content in bile was (23.3 ± 11.8) IU/L,(15.9 ± 3.3) IU/L and (72.3 ± 21.4) mmol/ L,and IL-1,TNF-α and HA content in serum was (117.6 ± 39.0) ng/L,(120.4 ± 16.5) ng/L and (63.7 ± 4.4) ng/L,respectively,and no statistically significant differences were observed when compared with the baseline (all P ＞ 0.05).ET-1 content was (4.9 ± 1.3) ng/L and NO content was (135.3 ± 16.7)mmol/L in serum,which was statistically increased (both P ＜ 0.05).Pathological changes of liver and bile duct were significantly alleviated.Conclusion ECMO could exert protective effect on liver and bile duct after cardiac death.

Objective To explore the association of transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1) polymorphisms with coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods The 509C/T polymorphisms of TGF-β1 gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) in 300 patients of CHD and 300 healthy individuals,the levels of serum lipids and hsCRP were also studied.Results The levels of hsCRP、TC 、LDL、ApoB in serum and the frequencies of C、T allele at position-509 of TGF-β1 gene were statistically significant higher than the controls(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Conclusion The polymorphisms of TGFβ1-509C/T were associated with CHD.C allele should be the susceptibility gene in the occurence of CHD.

Many gene therapy protocols can induce antitumor immunity, however, the ex vivo approach restricts their uses. This sutydy intended to induce antitumor immunity by direct transfer of MHC class Ⅱ gene in vivo. Methods: MHC class Ⅱ gene cDNA was introduced directly into two tumors: P815, (a murine weak immunogenic mas-tocytoma) and B16 (a murine nonirnmunogenic melanoma) to observe the survival rate of the mice. Results: Tumori-genicity of P815 was reduced when MHC class Ⅱ gene was introduced directly into tumors in vivo. Further more, most vaccinated mice could survive after second challenge of P815. Co-injection of MHC class Ⅱ and B7 genes in the B16 also resulted in the tumor grow slowly, while the injection of MHC class Ⅱ gene was not enough to induce effective antitumor responses. Conclusion: The results showed the potential applications of direct transfer of MHC class Ⅱ gene in the treatment of tumor.

Objective To explore what kind of role serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 18 ( IL-18) play in the relationship between type D personality and acute coronary syndrom (ACS)prognosis.Methods Serum levels of IL-6,IL-18 in all 214 ACS patients were measured with ELISA.According to the scores of type D personality scale(DS14) ,the subjects were divided into the group with type D personality (50 cases)and the one without type D personality ( 164 cases).The serum IL-6 and IL-18 level between the two groups were detected and analyzed.Results There were 23.36% ACS patients with type D personality.The serum IL-6, IL-18levels of the group with type D in ACS acute stage and ACS recovery stage were (2.340 ± 0.081 )OD, (2.016 ±0.023 ) OD and ( 1.460 ± 0.070 ) OD, ( 1.313 ± 0.012 ) OD respectively, significantly higher than those of the group without type D (2.178 ± 0.180)OD, ( 1.849 ± 0.159)OD and ( 1.387 ± 0.091 )OD, ( 1.196 ± 0.132 ) OD respectively(P＜0.01).Conclusion At home and abroad ,there are similar amount of ACS patients with type D personality.The high serum IL-6 and IL-18 levels may play an important role in pathogenesis of relationship between type D personality and ACS poor prognosis.

Objective To investigate the optimal time of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on repairing Maastricht Ⅱ pig liver with warm ischemia injury for 30 min.Method Thirty-six miniature pigs were randomized to ECMO 2-h group,ECMO 4-h group and ECMO 6-h group,12 pigs per group,6 donors and 6 recipients.Cardiac arrest was induced by administration of 1 g KCl intravenously,followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for 30 min according to the standard guideline.Cannulas was placed through inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta,then connected to ECMO extracorporeal circulation pipes.Transaminase,circulation flow rate of portal vein and hepatic artery and arterial blood gas were monitored and recorded.The hepatic tissues were cut into sections for pathological observation by HE stain under a light microscope.Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and apoptotic index was calculated.The liver was stored in cold UW for 2 h after the ECMO circulation,then orthotopic liver transplantation without veno-venous bypass was performed.The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured in the peripheral blood for 5 days after the operation.Result With the increase of the running time of ECMO,transaminase and lactate levels were decreased continuously.Circulation flow rate of portal vein and hepatic artery in ECMO 6-h group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (P＜0.05).Pathological change in ECMO 4-h group was milder than the rest two groups.Apoptosis index in ECMO 2-h,4-h and 6-h groups was (40.20 ± 7.22)％,(18.60 ± 4.04)％ and (29.25 ± 5.98) ％,respectively.The 5-day suvival rate in ECMO 2-h,4-h and 6-h groups was 83％,100％ and 83％,respectively.The transaminase level in ECMO 4-h group at 5th day after the operation was lower than in ECMO 2-h group and 6-h group (P＜0.05).Conclusion The optimal time of ECMO on repairing Maastricht Ⅱ liver was 4 h.The effect of restoration is not ideal when circulation time is not enough.Liver function and liver cell viability decline beyond 4 h.

Objective To study the repair mechanism of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on liver after cardiac death.Methods Twelve pigs were equally randomized to ECMO group and control group.Cardiac arrest was induced by administration of 1 g KCL intravenously,followed by 30 min cardiopulmonary resuscitation according to the standard guideline Cannulas were placed through inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta,then connected to ECMO extracorporeal circulation pipes in ECMO group for 4 h.The livers were stored in cold UW for 4 h in control group.ATP,superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathionein (GSH),malondialdehyde (MDA),heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were detected in liver tissue.Pathological change was observed by optical microscope and electron microscopy.Results Tissue ATP decreased to less than 40％ of baseline after 30 min of warm ischemia,then restored to 70％ after 2 h of ECMO and returned to baseline after 4 h,while ATP of control group continued a further decline As compared with control group,SOD,GSH and HSP70 increased significantly in ECMO group (P＜0.05),while MDA and ICAM-1 decreased significantly (P＜0.05).Pathological changes of liver tissue observed by optical microscope and electron microscopy in ECMO group were significantly were significantly alleviated as compared with those in control group.Conclusion ECMO can supply oxygen and nutrients to liver after warm ischemia and increase energy reserve.By upregulating GSH,SOD and HSP-70 and other protective proteins,ECMO alleviates oxidative stress and liver damage ECMO also improves microcirculation and reduces neutrophil infiltration by protecting sinusoidal endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the skin prick test and clinical characteristics in patients with chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps(CRSwNP).METHODS Sixty cases with CRSwNP and 40 control samples underwent skin prick test with standardized allergens provided by AllergoPhamar Company,the results and their clinical characteristics are analyzed.RESULTS The positive rate of skin prick test was 81.7% and 17.5% in CRSwNP group and control group respectively(?2 =40.104,?

Objective To construct the eukaryotic expression plasmids of human Fas and TNFR1 gene(pcDNA3.0-hFas and pcDNA3.0-hTNFR1)and microRNA(miRNA)expression plasmid of hFas and hTNFR1 named p-hFasmiRNA and p-hTNFR1miRNA,and to investigate their inhibitory effects in vitro.Methods The eukaryotic expression plasmids of human Fas and TNFR1 gene were constructed(pcDNA3.0-hFas and pcDNA3.0-hTNFR1)and have been shown successfully to express hFas and hTNFR1 protein.miRNA expression plasmids of hFas and hTNFR1 named p-hFasmiRNA and p-hTNFR1miRNA complimentary to the sequence responsible for hFas and hTNFR1 respective were constructed,meanwhile irrelevant miRNA plasmid was used as a control.By respective co-transfection of p-hFasmiRNA and pcDNA3.0-hFas,p-hTNFR1 miRNA and pcDNA3.0-hTNFR1 expression construct into 293T cells,the inhibition of hFas and hTNFR1 expression was analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot.Results The experiments showed the significant inhibitory effect of p-hFasmiRNA on hFas and p-hTNFR1miRNA on hTNFR1 expression at 48 h post-transfection both at RNA level and protein level as well in 293T cell lines with the inhibitory efficiency being as high as 87% for hFas and 80% for hTNFR1,respectively.Conclusion The p-hFasmiRNA and p-hTNFR1miRNA were constructed successfully,and it was verified that they could specifically inhibit the hFas and hTNFR1 expression at the cellular level.

Previous study on TNFRl-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis has been implicated in the development of fulminant viral hepatitis.To interfere with the potentially effective target,plasmid named p-mTNFR1shRNA complimentary to the sequence responsible for mTNFR1 was also constructed and further confirmed by sequence analysis.To investigate the effect of mTNFR1shRNA plasmid on mTNFR1 expression in vivo and the disease progress in MHV-3 induced fulminant hepatitis mice model.By hydrodynamic injection of mTNFRlshRNA plasmid,the survival rate of mice,hepatic pathological change were examined and compared between mice with/without mTNFR1 shRNA plasmid intervention.The expression of mTNFR1 was detected by Real-time PCR,immunohistochemistry staining.The mTNFR1 shRNA plasmid significantly reduced mTNFR1 expression in vivo,markedly ameliorates inflammatory infiltration,prolonged the survival time period and elevated the survival rate from 0 up to 13.3% in Balb/cJ mice with MHV-3 induced fulminant hepatitis.This study was designed to explore the opportunity of RNA interference technique in inhibiting TNFR1 expression,which has been reported to be involved in the development of a variety of diseases including fulminant viral hepatitis and severe chronic hepatitis B.