At present, there are still problems in medical postgraduate education in our country such as backward concept, disconnected basic research and clinical transformation, as well as imper-fect cultivation system and evaluation system. Translational medicine conception has been generally accepted and practiced, and provides a new thinking for medical postgraduate education. As a result, medical postgraduate education should reform education model to resolve the disconnection between basic research and clinical application, build a multidisciplinary intersection translational medicine research guidance team, create a strong translational medicine research atmosphere, and the quantita-tive evaluation system and peer evaluation system of scientific research achievements, thus strengthen-ing medical graduate students' concept of translational medicine and their scientific research ability, to provide the necessary talent base to solve the major problems in medical science.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used as the primary first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, and the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and angiogenesis inhibitors have also been recommended as first-line treatment recently. For hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein tumor thrombus, hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) is supported by progressively more evidence in improvement in the overall survival benefit. Based on relevant literatures and combined with clinical practices, the authors investigate the clinical application and development trends of TKIs, ICIs and HAIC in the first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Pancreatic neoplasm is one of the most commonly-appeared digestive tumors and has been well-recognized as the poor diseases which have the difficulties in diagnosis,treatment and prognosis estimation.Recently,the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been a pretty highlight of the research on detecting tumor cells in peripheral blood,and furthermore,the clinical value in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis prediction has already been verified through a large amount of samples analyses in various kinds of tumor diseases.This paper aims to review and conclude the techniques of CTCs enrichment,detection and clinical implications in pancreatic neoplasms.In addition,the existing papers have been summarized and prospect of application of CTCs is also presented.

WHO has issued three editions of pathologic classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma in 1973,1999 and 2004.The 1973 version classification had been widely and the longest applied.However,WHO 2004 classification had been prevalent in past years.There were two issues in the applications of WHO 2004 classification.On one hand,there were some difficulties in quick grading in a given case.On the other hand,there were some misunderstandings in the conversion of different WHO classification.In this article,the changes of different pathologic classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma were reviewed and the outline of different pathologic classification was generalized.The criterion of all the systems was cell anaplasia.In WHO 1973 version classification,the definition of the various grades was vague.It was relatively precise in WHO 1999 classification.However,the grading of Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ in WHO 1999 classification still remained confusions.The major changes in WHO 2004 classification was that this system divided urothelial carcinoma into low-and high-grade,which may solve the heterogenesis of grade Ⅱ in the other two classifications.

Gastric cancer has high heterogeneity,and the traditional histopathologic classification has a limited significance for clinical work.Along with the dramatic development of molecular detection technology,it may be much more helpful for the treatment and prognosis to use the molecular classifications.Recently,there have been many researches on the molecular classification of gastric cancer,such as Tan type,Lei type,clonality type,The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) type,Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) type,and so on.All of these molecular classification methods have respective advantages and disadvantages.

Clinicopathological parameters are important to predict the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC),they mainly include TNM stage related indexes of the tumor,tumor length,vessel and nerve invasion, tumor budding, peripheral blood cells, etc. To predict the prognosis of ESCC patients accurately is the prerequisite of precise treatment and the key to improve the patients survival rate and survival quality.

Objective To investigate the effects of exogenous glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)on colon glial cells in slow transit constipation (STC ) rats,and to explore the optimal concentration of GDNF in order to provide evidence for intestinal neurotrophic therapy in the treatment of STC.Methods A total of 132 SD rats were divided into STC group and control group,66 rats in each group.STC rats were established by feeding with rhubarb.Six rats were randomly selected from either groups to verify whether STC model was successfully established.And the left 120 rats of two groups were randomly divided into six subgroups:STC group one to group six and control group one to group six,ten rats in each group,which were untreated,injected through tail vein with saline,and 0.001 ,0.010, 0.050,0.100 μg/L GDNF 2 mL respectively for one week.The expression of Sox-8 at protein level of either group were detected by Western blotting.Independent sample t test was performed for statistical analysis.Results After treated with 0.001 μg/L GDNF (STC group three),there was no significant
difference in expression level of Sox-8 between STC group three and STC group one (13.38 ±0.70 vs 13.39±0.45 ,t = 0.042,P = 0.969 ).After treated with 0.010 μg/L GDNF (STC group four),the difference in expression level of Sox-8 between STC group four and STC group three was significant (21 .11 ±2.56 vs 13.38±0.70,t=5 .040,P <0.01).After treated with 0.050 μg/mL GDNF (STC group five),the expression level of Sox-8 was higher than that in STC group four (31.86±1.57 vs 21.11±2.56,t=-6.198,P <0.01 ).The Sox-8 expression of untreated,saline treated,0.001 and 0.050 μg/L GDNF treated STC rats (STC group one,two,three and five)were lower than those of the corresponding control groups (t= 3.394,12.103,10.302,- 6.120,all P < 0.05 ).Conclusion Exogenous GDNF could increase Sox-8 expression in colon tissue of STC rats,an increase in the number of colon glial cells could repair enteric nervous system,and 0.050 μg/L was the optimal concentration.

Objective To investigate the effect of theanine pretreatment on DNA repair function in neurons during brain ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods One hundred and eight male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 290-310 g,aged 15 weeks,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =36 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),I/R group and theanine pretreatment group (T group).Global cerebral I/R was produced by 4-vessel occlusion method.Bilateral vertebral arteries were electrically cauterized,and bilateral common carotid arteries were clamped for 6 min.Theanine 1 g/kg was injected intravenously at 4 h before clamping bilateral common carotid arteries in T group,and the equal volume of normal saline was given in the other two groups.At 2,6,12,24,48 and 72 h of reperfusion,6 rats were selected in each group and sacrificed,the brains were removed,and the hippocampus was isolated for determination of the number of viable neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region (with a light microscope),apoptosis in neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region (by TUNEL),and expression of DNA repair protein X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) and Ku70 (by immunohistochemistry).The apoptotic index was calculated.Results Compared with S group,the number of viable neurons was significantly decreased,and the apoptotic index was significantly increased at 6,12,24,48 and 72 h of reperfusion,and the expression of XRCC1 and Ku70 was significantly down-regulated at 2,6,12,24,48 and 72 h of reperfusion in I/R group (P＜0.01).Compared with I/R group,the number of viable neurons was significantly increased at 12,24,48 and 72 h of reperfusion,the apoptotic index was significantly decreased at 6,12,24,48 and 72 h of reperfusion,and the expression of XRCC1 and Ku70 was significantly up-regulated at 2,6,12,24,48 and 72 h of reperfusion in T group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The mechanism by which theanine pretreatment attenuates brain I/R injury is related to enhancement of DNA repair function and reduction of neuronal apoptosis in rats.

Objective To study the expression of SGK1 in T lymphocytes from pediatric asthma,and the effect of SGK1 on the differentiation of T cells,also to explore the function of SGK1 regulating the differen-tiation of T subset in pediatric asthma. Methods Twenty-eight children with asthma were recruited in Xi′an children′s hospital and divided into moderate group and severe group according to diagnostic guideline of asth-ma. The serum levels of IL-4,IL-13 and IL-17A were analyzed by ELISA. The CD4 +T cells from PBMC and na?ve T cells were selected using magnetic beads. Na?ve T cells were differentiated in vitro under cytokines. SGK1 expression were analyzed with Real-time PCR. The ability of Th2 and Th17 on secreting IL-4 and IL-17A were detected after SGK1 was inhibited by siRNA. In vivo,shRNA-SGK1 Na?ve T cells were transferred into the mice asthma models by intravenous injection. The airway inflammation were observed in shRNA-SGK1 Na?ve T models. Results Compared with healthy children,the serum levels of IL-4、IL-13 and IL-17A increased signifi-cantly in the children with asthma. Importantly,the levels of these three cytokines were much higher with the de-velopment of asthma. SGK1 were up-regulated remarkably in CD4 +T cells from the children with asthma and were positively correlated with IL-13 and IL-17A. Besides,SGK1 expression increased in the differentiated Th2 and Th17 in vitro,but had no change in the differentiated Th1. The levels of IL-4 and IL-17A associated with Th2 and Th17 decreased after SGK1 was inhibited by siRNA. Similarly,In vivo,the serum levels of IL-13 and IL-17A and airway inflammation were reduced in shRNA-SGK1 Na?ve T models. Conclusion The over-expres-sion of SGK1 in pediatric asthma enhances the asthma progress by promoting the differentiation of T subsets.

Objective To investigate the intra-splenic blood cell count of posthepatitic cirrhotic portal hypertension,and compare it with patients' peripheral blood cell count to explore the role the spleen plays in peripheral cytopenia often seen in posthepatitic cirrhotic portal hypertension.Methods A prospective study was made on 15 cases with post hepatitis B cirrhotic portal hypertension undergoing splenectomy.Intrasplenic blood was sampled from upper pole,hilus (central pole),and lower pole of the spleen respectively for blood cell count.Results were compared with that of preoperative peripheral blood.Results There were significant statistical differences in the WBC count between splenic blood and peripheral blood,(11.20 ± 4.73) × 109/L vs.(4.06 ± 1.75) × 109/L,t =5.05,P ＜ 0.05),and in PLT count,(182.45±66.57) × 109/L vs.(63.54 ±28.40) × 109/L,t =7.285,P ＜0.05.There was no differences in the RBC count,(3.55 ± 0.94) × 1012/L vs.(3.01 ± 0.62) × 1012/L,t =1.874,P ＞ 0.05.Positive correlations were found between splenic PLT count and peripheral PLT count (r =0.610,P ＜0.05).Conclusions In posthepatitic B cirrhotic portal hypertension patients the intra-megalosplenic PLT and WBC count are significantly higher than that in peripheral blood.Megalosplenic PLT count correlates positively with peripheral PLT count.