Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most significant microvascular complications of diabetes,and its incidence increases with the prolongation of DM;meanwhile,it can lead to severe vision loss.Recently,the pathogenesis of DR has been one of the focuses both at home and abroad,but the basic mechanisms are not fully elucidated.More and more scholars believe that DR may be a chronic and low degree of inflammatory response.Moreover,it is well established that microglia is a monocyte-macrophage,with antigen-presenting function.Especially in the retina,as microglia is activated,followed by the release of a large number of inflammatory factors,microglia involves in DR inflammatory response.Understanding the activation mechanism of microglia can provide a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of DR.Therefore,recent advances in activation of microglia in diabetic retinopathy and its intervention mechanism will be reviewed in the article.

Aged ; Humans ; Kallikreins ; analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; analysis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis

Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Proteomics ; methods

Humans ; Liver Diseases

Objective To analyze the factors related to glare occurred after the phakic intraocular lens (P-IOL) implantation,and to raise the standard for the P-IOL selection.Design Retrospective case series.Participants 104 patients with high myopia underwent P-IOL implantation in Beijing Tongren Hospital.Methods In 104 cases,22 cases (22 eyes) were implanted angle supported Phakic6 designed accord with corneal symmetry,54 cases (54 eyes) were implanted iris fixed Verisyse,and 28 cases (28 eyes) were implanted posterior chamber PRL.Selection of the diameter of P-IOL optics depended on P-IOL diopters.The pupil diameter,the P-IOL optic center position,the pupil and corneal center position were measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT).The contrast sensitivity (CS) under different condition (day,day and glare,night,night and glare) and in different space frequency (1.5,3,6, 12,18c/d)were examined with Optec6500 system.Main Outcome Measures Glare incidence,CS,and the influence of pupil diameter and P-IOL location to glare.Results None of the 104 P-IOL eyes occurred glare in day time.59 eyes (56.73%) complained of glare in dime condition.The glare incidence was 63.18% (14/22) in Phakic6 eyes,55.56% (30/54) in Verisyse eyes,and 53.27% (15/28) in PRL eyes (P=0.691).CS of all surgical eyes were improved in day time with or without glare luminous environment (P=0.000).And the CS of halo-complaining eyes was lower than of no halo eyes in night time with or without glare luminous environment (P=0.000).Glare oc- curred more frequently in eyes with the pupil diameter larger than P-IOL diameter in clime condition after surgery (10 in Phakic6 eyes, 20 in Verisyse eyes,12 in PRL eyes,all P

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the immune response of CD4~+ T helper lymphocytes (Th) and their cytokines following liver transplantation. DATA SOURCE: A computer-based online search was conducted in Medline from January 1970 to December 2008, Wanfang Database from January 1998 to December 2008, and China Hospital Knowledge Database from January 1998 to December 2008 with the key words of "liver transplantation, rejection, immune Tolerance, T helper lymphocytes, Th1 cells, Th2 cells" in both Chinese and English. DATA SELECTION: Articles about immune response of Th and their cytokines following liver transplantation were included, but reviews and duplicated studies were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A total of 36 relative articles about immune response of Th and their cytokines following liver transplantation (n=3), immune effect of Th and cytokines on liver transplantation (n=22), and relationship among Th, cytokines, and transplantation immunity (n=11) were included. RESULTS: T helper lymphocyte was of importance to regulate the immune response, with function of supporting body fluid and cellular immune. Th and their cytokines played a very important role in immune tolerance following liver transplantation. The ration of Th1/Th2 was correlated with the immune response following liver transplantation. The increased Th1 secretion might induce rejection of liver tissue. When the ration turned to Th2, the immune tolerance easily occurred. CONCLUSION: Up to now, the theory of relationship between Th1/Th2 ration and transplantation immunity is not used for clinical application. Therefore, how to determine the immune state of organism by detecting and regulating cytokines, adjust Th1/Th2 ration, and induce specific immunologic tolerance of host become hot topics in the future.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Endoscopy ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Ligation ; Male

Hepatic Stellate Cells ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction

Standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)term translation is the focus of TCM translation studies. Based on the Skopos theory and our interviews to 6 internationals, this paper aims to explore the purposes and principles of TCM term translation from the perspective of the client, the translator and the addressee. Finally, four fundamental principles of TCM term translation are summarized in order to provide references for the standardization of TCM term translation.

Objective To evaluate the CT and MRI features of masticator space lesions.Methods All patients(43 cases) were examined with CT (28 cases) or MRI(10 cases),and 4 cases underwent both CT and MR examination.Results 9 cases of masticator space infection were found,which had characteristic appearances and patterns of widely spread on CT and MRI,and CT was better in detecting mandibular osteomyelitis.Primary tumors of the space included 6 cases of rhabdomyosarcomas,5 cases of angioma,4 cases of osteosarcomas.Most of them had the particular CT or MRI features.In 19 cases of metastasis of the space,most came from surrounding structures,especially from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck,and penetrating deeply into the muscles or ramus of masticator space.Conclusion The masticator space lesions(infection and most of tumors) are of characteristic features on CT and MRI.