203 adult sacrals (143 males and 60 females)were investigated.The average height of the sacral canal was 66.8 mm.The sagital length of the sacral canal was 14.0 mm and its transverse length 31.0 mm.The sagital length of the outlet of the sacral canal was 5.9 mm.and it was 5.0% less than 2.0 mm. Sacral hiatus might be classified according to the following six types: 1)Triangular(23.0%),2)Sharp and long(19.4%),3)Square(11.3%),4) Rectangular(11.3%),5)Horse-shoe(20.0%),and 6)Irregular(15.0%). The longitudinal and transversal distance between all sacral posterior foramens were measured. Among the 203 sacrals,it was found that the percentage of normal simple promonory(25th vertebra)was quite high(85.7%),simple promontory formed by 2nd sacral vertebra(26th vertebra)was less than 2.5%,whereas double promontories formed by 25th and 24th vertebrae were found to be 11.8%. In general,the lower margin of the auricular surface reached the third sacral vertebra,but in women it was shorter than in men. The sacral lengths were measured as follows: 1)the largest height—108.0 mm. 2)the largest breadth of the upper portion—111.0 mm 3)the middle breadth—85.0 mm. 4)the highest curvature—119.0 mm. 5)the sagital length of the sacral base—31.0 mm. 6)the breadth of the sacral base—50.0 mm. All the sacral indices were counted as follows: 1)the sacral index—102.7. 2)the index of the sacral breadth—76.6. 3)the index of the sacral curvature—110. 2. 4)the index of the sacral curvature-difference—1.85. 5)the index of the sacral base—62.0. The relation between sacral variations and sacral block anesthesia was discussed.

An investigation made on the common hepatic artery of 112 cadavers showedthat the common hepatic artery arises from the coeliac axis in 94.64?2.1%,from the superior mesenteric artery in 5.36?2.1%.It divides into the properhepatic artery and the gastroduodenal artery.The proper hepatic artery dividesinto left and right hepatic arteries in 63.39?4.5%;into left,middle and righthepatic arteries in 11.61?3.0%;it is absent in 25.00?4.7%.The normal righthepatic artery originates from the normal proper hepatic artery in 70.54?4.3%;from the coeliac common hepatic aretry in 16.79?3.5%;the right hepatic arteryarises from the other arteries in 12.50?3.1%;accessory right hepatic arteryis noted in 8.93?2.6%.The normal left hepatic artery arises from the proper hepatic artery in70.50?4.3%;from the coeliac common hepatic artery in 18.75?3.6%.The re-placing type of left hepatic artery is seen in 10.71?2.9%;accessory left hepaticartery is noted in 25.00?4.0%.The middle hepatic artery arises from the lefthepatic artery in 43.75?4.6%;from the right hepatic artery in 30.35?4.3%;from the proper hepatic artery in 14.29?3.3%;the middle hepatic artery arisesfrom the other arteries in 4.46?1.9%.The gastroduodenal artery arises fromthe normal common hepatic artery in 90.17?2.8%;from the superior mesentericartery in 4.46?1.9%;from the right hepatic artery in 4.46?1.9%;it is absentin 0.89?0.84%.The right gastric artery arises from the proper hepatic arteryin 31.00?4.6%;from the left hepatic artery in 22.00?4.1%;from the gastroduo-denal artery in 25.00?4.2%;the right gastric artery arises from other arteriesin 22.00?4.1%.The location and course of the hepatic arteries to the bile ductsystem were discussed.

Observations made on the cystic arteries of 120 cadavers (62 adults,48children and 10 newborns) showed 85 (70.83?4.1%)to be simple cystic arteryand 35 double (29.07?4.1%).The percentages of the double cystic artery arehigher in children and newborns(20 cases,57.14%,in children and newbornsas compared with 15 cases,42.86%,in adults).In 64 cases,or 53.33?4.5 percent,the simple cystic aretry arises in theCalot's triangle from the typical coeliac right hepatic artery,and in 24 casesor 20.0?3.6 per cent,the superficial or deep branches or both have the sameorigin.The single and double cystic arteries,or one branch of the double cysticartery from the replaced right hepatic artery occurs in 12 cases or 10.0?2.7per cent,and from an artery other than the right hepatic,23 cases or 19.7?3.5per cent.In 74 cases,or 61.67?4.2 per cent,the origin of the single and one or twobranches of the double cystic artery is in Calot's triangle;in 49 cases,or 40.83?4.4 per cent,it is from the right hepatic artery or other sources to the leftof the hepatic duct and crossing the hepatic duct or common bile duct posteriorlyor anteriorly.17 cases or 14.17?3.2 per cent are in other locations.The single and dual cystic arteries or one branch of the dual cystic arteryare attached to the gall bladder from the neck in 100 cases,or 83.33?3.3 percent;and from the body in 51 cases,or 42.5?4.5 per cent.The series was classified into 8 types,their relation to the clinical opera-tion was discussed.

The types of origin of the inferior phrenic artery in 220 sides of 110 cada- vers were observed and analysed. The origin of this artery shows the following 6 types: Type Ⅰ: As a branch of the coeliac artery (51.36?3.4%). Type Ⅱ: Directly from the abdominal aorta (36.36?3.2%). Type Ⅲ: From the renal artery (8.18?1.8%). Type Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ: As a branch of the left gastric, common hepatic or su- perior mesenteric artery. They comprise 4.09?1.3% of the cases. Regarding the manner of the origin of the inferior phrenic artery on the two sides, the following types are found: Type Ⅰ: Both sides arise symmetrically from the same origin (coeliac, aorta or renal artery) in 30.00?4.5%. Type Ⅱ: Both sides originate by a common stem (from coeliac or aorta) in 23.63?4.0%. Type Ⅲ: Both sides arise from different origins in 46.37?4.6%.

The pattern of branching of the celiac artery was studied in 118 cadavers and treated statistically. Seven types were observed: type Ⅰwith celiac artery divided into left gas- tric, splenic and hepatic arteries (79.66?3.7%); type Ⅱ with celiac artery divi- ded into hepatic and splenic arteries (5.08?2.0%); type Ⅴwith celiac artery divided into splenie and left gastrie arteries (4.24?1.8%); type Ⅶ with celiac artery divided into left gastric, hepatic, splenic and superior mesenteric arte- ries (8.47?2.5%). The other types (type Ⅲ into hepatic, splenic and superior mesenteric ar- teries; type Ⅳ into hepatic and left gastric arteries; type Ⅵ in which the ce- liac and superior mesenteric arteries are of common origin) constitute altogether only 2.55?1.4% of the cases.

1.A brief review was made regarding the temporal fascia as being divided in- to three layers—the superficial,middle and deep layers.The deep layer was again divided into superficial and deep leaves near the upper border of the zygomatic arch,The superficial and middle layers connected firmly with the deep layer near the zygomatic arch and could hardly be separated apart. 2.By means of dissection,skull examination and staining of the gross sec- tions,it was confirmed that the superficial and deep layers were attached to the superior and inferior temporal lines correspondingly,while the middle layer of the temporal fascia was attached to the middle temporal line between the superior and inferior ones.On some skulls the middle temporal line did not run continuously and its shape was not well defined,though it could be seen under close investigation. 3.It was observed that not all cadavers had three layers of temporal fascia and three temporal lines each;that 13 out of 18 cadavers possessed three layers of temporal fascia while 27 out of 41 skulls had three temporal lines;hence the ratio 13:18 and 27:41.