The scaffold material is one of the most key topics about the study of bone tissue engineering. The scaffold material of bone tissue engineering is divided into natural biomaterials and artificial synthesized biomaterials. Each kind of the materials includes organic materials and inorganic materials. Each scaffold material has its virtues and shortages. Although the existing scaffold materials merely carry some effects of the ideal materials require, the optimal scaffold may be designed using the necessary evidences provided by analyzing their virtues and shortages. This article summarized the study about the tissue engineering scaffold materials, such as porcelain and ceramics material, polymers material, natural organism-derived material and composite material.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the characteristics of bone metabolism with the growing of age, and explore the skeletal change with the increase of age especially in the elderly people and the females of postmenopause so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.DATA SOURCES: Literatures about age growth and bone metabolism were computer-searched in Medline database published from January 1993 to December 2003, with the key words of "The bone metabolism,The age growth" in English. Meanwhile, it was also manually searched in library published between January 1993 and December 2003 for related articles in Japanese.STUDY SELECTION: After the primary search, inclusive criteria: ①Physiological characteristics, mechanism and influenced factors of the bone metabolism with the growing of age. ②Analysis of retrospective study was done in clinical cases. Repetitive experimental studies were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 21 papers were accorded with the abovementioned requirements, and 14 repetitive studies were excluded. Seven articles were referred to the inclusive criteria, in which 3 articles were researchful; 2 articles were diagnostic criterions; 2 articles were textbook.DATA SYNTHESIS: Bone metabolism changed greatly; skeleton became mature gradually and bone calcium increased with the age growth. Bone metabolism reached homeostasis after 20 years, and then appeared negative growth after 40 years and bone calcium decreased. Bone metabolism was the most intense and variable parameter with the growing of age. The rate of osteoporosis increased greatly in elderly people, especially in the females of postemenopause, which might be related to endocrine disorder and so on, except degeneration in elderly people. Studying these could provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.CONCLUSION: On the basis of understanding the relationship between age growth and bone metabolism, we realize that osteoporosis may be prevented mainly by means of establishing healthy life-style, full nutrition and high calcium ingestion.

Objective To study the effect of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy combined with leflunomide (LEF) on refractory lupus nephropathy (RLN).Methods Thirty-six patients diagnosed as RLN were selected.Several observation parameters were compared before and after cyclophosphamide pulse therapy combined with LEF.The observation parameters included serum albumin,serum complement C3 and C4,systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity index and urinary protein change.The side effects of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy combined with LEF were observed.Results The serum albumin was (20.17 ± 4.09) g/L,complement C3 was (0.40 ± 0.19) g/L,complement C4 was (0.08 ± 0.03) g/L,SLE activity index was 16.06 ± 4.17,and urinary protein was ( 9.79 ± 3.42 ) g/24 h before treatment and (38.10 ± 5.16) g/L,(0.78 ± 0.11 ) g/L,(0.16 ± 0.13)g/L,4.01 ± 1.24,( 1.14 ± 0.59) g/24 h after treatment,and there were significant differences between before treatment and after treatment (P ＜ 0.01 ).During the therapy,side effects were reported in 22 patients.However,these side effects had no impact on the therapy.After further treatment,these side effects gradually decreased and eventually disappeared.Conclusions Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy combined with LEF is effective in treating RLN.Patients' tolerance to the therapy is generally very good.

Objective To assess the value of two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasonography in diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) .Methods Sixty-five patients with HT (HT group) confirmed histologically underwent two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasonography.Sixty volunteers with normal thyroid ultrasonogram were enrolled as control group.Ultrasonic characteristics (size,echo,blood flow distribution,peak systolic velocity of the superior thyroid artery,accompanied nodules) ,pathological finding and laboratory parameters were recorded.Results The volume of thyroid increased in HT group than that of control group (t=10.748,P＜0.001) .Ultrasonic characteristics of HT were as followed:hypoechoic parenchyma (51/65,78.46%) ,multiple liner bright echoes throughout the parenchyma (46/65,70.77%) ,single or multiple macronodules in the parenchyma (6/65,9.23%) .Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) showed obviously increased blood flow (36/65,55.38%) ,slightly increased blood flow (25/65,38.46%) ,decreased or normal blood flow (4/65,6.15%) ,among which statistical differences of T3,T4,TSH,V_(max) were detected (P＜0.001) .Conclusion There is close relationship among ultrasonic characteristics.pathological and laboratory parameters of HT.Ultrasonography has high value in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of HT.

The need of eight-year clinical students for bioinformatics undergraduate courses is described.In addition,the measures and experiences on textbooks choosing,teaching content assignment,teaching methods designing and test means innovation are also discussed.All these provide a reference implementation for the development of eight-year clinical bioinformatics courses.

Objective To discuss the correlation between C-peptide level and autonomic neuropathy in diabetic foot in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 h-PG) and fasting C-peptide (FC-P) were detected in 124 T2DM patients. The Neuropad was used to test functions of sudomotor nerves in foot. Patients were divided into two groups:diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) group and non-autonomic neuropathy group (NDAN) according to the results of functions of sudomotor nerves in foot. Values of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, FBG, 2 h-PG and FC-P were compared between the two groups. The Pearson correlation analysis was carried out between the indexes mentioned above and the time for completing color change of Neuro-pad. Results There were no significant differences in gender, age, FBG and 2 h-PG between two groups (P>0.05). The FC-P level was (1.07 ± 0.75)nmol/L in DAN group, which was significantly lower than that in NDAN group (1.43 ± 1.00) nmol/L (P > 0.05). The time for completing color change of Neuropad was negatively correlated with C-peptide. Conclu-sion The autonomic nerve functions in diabetic foot is closely related with C-peptide. It is inferred that C-peptide may have protective effect on autonomic nerves in diabetic foot.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the level of anti-CCP antibody and cardiovascular(CV) risk in rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients.Methods A total of 78 RA patients were enrolled in the study.They were divided into two groups:40 cases with CV comphtations which were secondary from RA and 38 cases with no complications.The anti-CCP antibody was diagnosed by enzyme - linked immunoabsorbent assay(ELISA) and rheumatoid factor(RF) were assessed by immunoturbidimetry method.The relationship between the levels of the two sera auto-antibodies and CV disease associated with RA was analyzed.Results The results showed that the level of anti-CCP antibody in RA-CV disease group was significantly higher than that in simple RA group(74.6％ VS 87.3％ ).Compared with the simple RA group,the level of anti-CCP antibody in the RA-CV disease group was higher,and with significant difference between the two groups( x2 =5.07,9.04,6.48,all P ＜ 0.05 ).RF positive rate was 95.8％ of the patients with RA-CV disease while it was 76.5％ in simple RA group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant( x2 =33.41,26.05,34.14,all P ＜ 0.05 ).The morbidi ty between the different level of RF had remarkable difference.In RA patients with CV complations,we compared antiCCP antibody and RF by Spearman analysis,whish showed no relationship between them ( r =0.301,P =0.174 ).Conclusion The results indicated that CV disease secondary from RA was more common in old patients.In RA patients the high level of anti-CCP antibody and RF maybe play an important role in the appearance of CV disease.

AIM: To investigate the effect of homocysteine (HCY) on the induction of macrophage inflammatory protein-1? (MIP-1?) expression in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: After exposure of the cultured HUVECs to HCY at increasing concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mmol/L) for 8 h, the MIP-1? mRNA expression was determined by in situ hybridization using a MIP-1? cDNA probe, and the MIP-1? protein expression was measured by cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a goat anti-human MIP-1? monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: The in situ hybridization showed that cultured HUVECs were able to express MIP-1? mRNA at a low level that was purplish blue granules in cytoplasm. After exposure to HCY at the concentrations mentioned above, the expression of MIP-1? mRNA was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference between groups ( F= 606.38, P

The separation of anionic compounds by strong anion-exchange capillary electrochromatography (SAX-CEC) was carried out. It was found that the analytes could be absorbed onto the stationary phase, and this would lessen the retention factors (k) of the analytes, thus the column separation capability decreased. For the acidic compounds, k increased with increase of applied voltage. And the change of the applied voltage could provide different separation selectivity for the solutes. The separation with different eluent was studied. It showed that the logarithm of the capacity factor linearly decreased with increase of the logarithm of the ionic strength. The different retention behavior of the anionic compounds in SAX-CEC and CE was also studied

Objective To explore the effect of task-driven teaching methodology based on the action research on cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Methods The 80 nurses recruited in 2011 were assigned in the control, receiving routine training while another 80 nurses recruited in 2012 were in the study group, where task-driven teaching methodology was used based on the action research. The two groups were compared in terms of results of theoretical and operational examinations. Result The study group was significantly better than the control group in the scores of theoretical and operational examinations ( P < 0 . 05 ) . Conclusion The task-driven teaching methodology based on the action research not only increases the examination results, but also improves the effect of teaching.