Ample evidences have showed that the failure of early regeneration of the central nervous system(CNS) in adult mammals is mainly due to the growth inhibitory factor.Efforts have been made to promote neuron regeneration and neurological function recovery by damaging myelin and removing myelin-associated inhibitors.At present,the Nogo protein associated drugs and gene therapy have become a novel effective way to promote axon regeneration after CNS injury;here we reviews the recent progress on the related issues.

Gastroesophageal variceal bleeding is one of the major causes of death for patients with portal hypertension.The treatment of portal hypertension has evolved from surgery being the only option to the wide range of options currently available,including endoscopic sclerotherapy of varietals ligation,interventional radiology and surgery.Given the shortage of liver transplantation donors,devascularization would be one of the major treatments for portal hypertension for a considerable time.Based on the clinical experience of the People's Hospital of Peking University,we think that peraesophagogastric devascularization without splenectomy is a better option for the treatment of portal hypertension,with less operation time,less intraoperative blood loss and fewer postoperative complications,and better short-and long-term hemostatic effect.

Interventional techniques have been applicated extensively in the treatment of gynaecologic and obsterics diseases, such as the embolization therapy of the postpartum massive hemorrhage, uterine fibroids and adenomyosis, interventions of fallopian tube pregnancy etc. Though the advantages of interventional techniques in the treatment of gynaecologic and obsterics diseases are obviously revealed and accepted, the strict indication and regular maneuver to reduce the complications are still to be emphasized. (J Intervent Radiol, 2006, 15: 257-258)

Physiological education should lead the student not only to understand the physiological knowledge itself,but also to comprehend the scientific methodology,scientific thought and scientific spirit.In our teaching process,we introduced some creative work of the famous scientists in the physiological history to stimulate the students' interest and ability on creative scientific thinking and practice.

Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment for cirrhotic portal hypertension, especially for the patients with end-stage liver failure. In the era of liver transplantation, when drugs, endoscopy and interventional treatments fail, surgery (not including liver transplantation) is an irreplaceable treatment option for esophagogastric variceal bleeding, which should be individualized, in order not to increase the risk and difficulty of liver transplantation in the future.

[Objective] To elucidate the effects and mechanism of Naoqingling Decoction(ND)on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome(TS).[Method] Central nervous system of mice was stimulated by amphetamine(AMP)to develop the model of experimental tourette syndrome(ETS).Then we observed the stereotypia and autonomic activities of mice,and determined the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine(DA),norepinephrine(NE),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA)in the brains.[Result] To compare with model group,three-dose ND groups can resist the determinate activities stimulated by AMP;can obviously decrease the autonomic activities of mice and degrade the levels of DA,NE,5-HT and 5-HIAA in the corpora striates.[Conclusion] ND has therapeutical effect on ETS model and it's mechanism may be its effects on the secretion or metabolism of neurotransmitter in the brains.

Objective To find out the difference in expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron-specific enolase in hippocampi and olfactory bulb of Alzheimer's disease rats,and the relationship between olfactory and Alzheimer's disease.Methods Adult rats,the expression of GFAP and NSE in hippocampi and olfactory bulb was measured by immuhistochemical after a single intracerebroventricular injection of ?-amyloid peptide,and change of these protein in olfactory.Results Comparing the hippocampi and olfactory of model and control,the expression of GFAP in model group increased evidently,the expression of NSE descended animals.Conclusion There is significant difference in olfactory system between Alzheimer's disease model and control group rats.

AIM: To analyze the effects of two kinds of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs, conbercept and ranibizumab, on proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients as pre-treatment for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).METHODS: From June 2016 to December 2016, 62 patients (64 eyes) aged 41-59 years old diagnosed with PDR with nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage (VH) and/or tractional retinal detachment (TRD) requiring PPV were enrolled in our study.Patients were treated with intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs 0.50mg (0.05mL) 3d before PPV.Then the standard 23G minimally invasive sclera three-channel vitrectomy was performed where there were no significant complications after the injection of anti-VEGF drugs.The operation time, intraoperative bleeding, iatrogenic retinal breaks, the use of endodiathermy and silicone oil, and postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed.We compared and analyzed the visual acuity and macular thickness before and 1mo after the surgery with the preoperative data.RESULTS: Both conbercept and ranibizumab could improve the postoperative visual acuity and reduce the postoperative macular thickness of PPV.There was no significant difference between the impacts of two kinds of anti-VEGF drug pre-treatment on operation time, intraoperative bleeding, iatrogenic retinal breaks, the use of endodiathermy, silicone oil filling and postoperative vitreous secondary hemorrhage.CONCLUSION: The effects of conbercept and ranibizumab pre-treatment were similar.PPV combined with anti-VEGF pre-treatment could improve postoperative visual acuity and macular edema.The choice of conbercept or ranibizumab should be made flexibly according to the actual situation of patients.

[Objective]To explore the value of anterior approach in the surgical treatment of cervical fracture and dislocation.[Method]Thirty cases of lower cervical fractures and dislocations were treated with anterior decompression,reduction,autograft and plate fixation or titanic net.[Result]Patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months,the regular X-ray film to observe the stability of segmental injury and the Frankel grade to determine the recovery of the spinal cord were recorded.All cases were improved and obtained solid fusion within 3～5 months.The intervertebral heights and physiologic curves were kept well,without plate or screw complications occurring in these cases.[Conclusion]It is feasible to get complete decompression,good reduction and excellent maintenance of intervertebral heights and physiologic curves by employing anterior approach to treat lower cervical fractures and dislocations.More importantly,it can get immediate stabilization to cervical spine and prevent secondary injury to spinal cord and recover nervous function.

BACKGROUND: Quite a few deoxidized reduced form of nicotinamide-adenime dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH-d) -positive neurons distribute in amygdala complex (AMC) and gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter that also widely distributes in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. Whether there is coexistence of GABA and nitricoxide synthase (NOS) in AMC is unknown at present.OBJECTIVE: To observe whether there is GABA and NADPH-d-eoexist neuron in cortical nucleus of amygdala (Co) with the combination of NADPH-d hischemical and immunohistochemical double staining.DESIGN: A verifying controlled study based on the experimental animals.SETTING: Department of anatomy of two universities MATERIALS: The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy,Medical College of Zhejiang University between May 2004 and June 2004. Six SD rats in either gender with a body mass between 250 g and 300 g were selected.INTERVENTIONS: Coronary serial frozen slices of brain tissue were prepared. 4 sets of slices were selected for Nissl staining, NADPH-d histochemical staining, NADPH-d histochemical and GABA immunohistochemical double staining, and control experiment for the test of antibody specificity. GABA-labeled neurons, NADPH-d-positive neurons, and NADPH-d/GABA double-labeled neurons were counted in Co nucleus for the calculation of the percentage of double-labeled positive neurons to single-labeled positive neurons.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Distribution of NADPH-d/GABA double labeled neuron; distribution of NADPH-d or GABA single labeled neuron.RESULTS: Most of GABA-positive neurons distributed in posteromed cortical amygdaloid nucleus (PMCo), posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus (PLCo), which were mainly small types but few middle types. Most of NADPH-d-positive neurons distributed in PMCo, PLCo and anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus (Aco), which were mainly middle sized and small sized neurons. The ratio of NADPH-d/GABA double-labeled neurons to single labeled neuron was 24.5% (GABA) or 46.7% (NADPH-d).CONCLUSION: There is GABA/NADPH-d-coexist neuronsin Co of rats,which suggests NO might have modulative effect on GABA neuron in Co.