A total of 1,236 people from the villages of Ha Phong (Ha Long city), Cam Tay, Cam Son (Cam Pha town) and some peripheral villages were examined for blood flagellata Leishmania. 377 people were found to have clinical symptoms of prolonged fever, cough, inflamed gland, hepatomegaly or skin infection. 65 cases had been previously confirmed to be HIV carriers. Peripheral blood was collected from 337 people and bone marrow samples from 229 people examined for Leishmania were negative. Analysis made with 496 slides from 170 local dogs, 120 slides of bone marrow, liver, spleen from 10 dogs, and 900 slides of bone marrow , liver, spleen from 100 rats (Rattus flavipectus, R. norvegicus) also showed negative results. 104 sand flies were collected in Ha Phong village and were identified Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) stantoni where one patient was found in 2001
Leishmania ; Epidemiology ; Blood

From 2000 to 2002, 449 tsutsugamushi patients were admitted to Uong Bi Hospital of Quang Ninh province. The disease occurred mainly in Uong Bi town, Dong Trieu district, Yen Hung district, and Cam Pha town. It occurred sporadically during the year but more frequently between May and Octorber. 14 species of Trombiculidae were found to parasitize in mice in almost all surveyed sites, especially in the places with many more tsutsugamushi patients. The main clinical signs were biting spots 94.2%, fever 100%, peripheral glands 98.7%, and rash 52.2%. Three effective regimes in treatment of tsutsugamushi were (1) chloramphenicol 30-50mg/kg/24 hours x 5-7 days; (2) tetracycline 30-40mg/kg/24 hours x 5-7 days; and (3) doxycycline 4mg/kg/24 hours x 3-5 days
Trombiculidae ; Disease ; Patients ; Scrub Typhus

In May,Nov. and Dec. 2003, in some sites along HoChiMinh Road through QuangNam province including PhuocDuc commune of PhuocSon district;ThanhMy town of NamGiang district; Bhale commune of DongGiang district and through KonTum province, including DakMan commune, DakPek commune of DakGlei district, DakDuc commune of NgocHoi district...,an inquiry was carried out to determine the faune of arthropodes. 3297 samples of arthropode were collected.3 species of plea, 4 species of tick, 5 species of chigg and 46 species of Culicinae and 14 species of anophelinae mosquitoes were determined. They were distributed in 8 families, 2 classes -spider and insect. In almost sites, there are various arthropode species as pathological factors
parasitology ; Arthropods ; epidemiology

A study of mammal's flea distribution was conducted during the period 1962 - 2000. About 10,000 fleas were collected from 5,000 host animals of which 43 mammalian species belonging 7 orders distributed in 368 places in 50 provinces and cities over the country. Forty four from 83 or 51.8% (out of total 240 mammalian species found in Vietnam - 34.5%) collected mammals were found infected with flea. These mammals belong 7 orders of Insectivora, Scadenta, Chiroptera, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Rodentia and Lagomorpha. The flea infection rate of Rodentia and Artiodactyla was 17.9% (27/34) and 31.3% (7/22), respectively. Only two of 79 species of Chiroptera found in Viet Nam were examined and both were found flea infected. However, flea was not found in the four mammalian species of Dermoptera, Primates, Perissodactyla and Pholidota
Fleas ; Epidemiology

Medical arthropod survey was conducted in April and July 2004 at five sites on Ho Chi Minh Road, included Lam Thuy commune of Le Thuy district, Xuan Trach commune of Quang Trach district, Huong Hoa commune of Tuyen Hoa district of Quang Binh province; Huong Trach commune of Huong Khe district, Son Truong commune of Huong Son district of Ha Tinh province. A total of 7094 samples of medical arthropods belonging to 124 species, 38 genus, 11 families (Pulicidae, Ixodidae, Trombiculidae, Macrochlidae, Macronyssidae, Laelaptidae, Parasitidae, Culicidae, Muscdae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae), 3 orders (Diptera, Siphonaptera & Acarina), 2 classes (Insecta & Arachnida) have been collected. These 124 arthropod species consist of three species of flea (Siphonaptera), 3 species of tick (Ixodidae), 16 species of chiggers (Trombiculidae), 11 species of mites (Gamasoidea), 33 species of fly (Brachycera), 16 species of Anophelinae and 42 species of mosquito Culicinae. At almost all sites the arthropod species having the role in disease transmission such as Xenopsylla cheopis, Leptotrombidium (L.) deliense, Orthonyssus bacoti, Aedes aegypti, Culex tritaeniorhyncus, C. quinquefasciatus, Anopheles minimus and Musca domestica have been presented.
Arthropods ; Epidemiology

Background: In the period 2006-2010, a investigation on medical arthropod has been conducted\r\n', u'Objective: 1) To determine species composition and distribution of medical arthropod. 2) To find species transmitted disease \r\n', u'Subject and method: The cross sectional, descriptive and analytic investigation was conducted in 3 communes along the Ho Chi Minh road in Cao Bang province. \r\n', u'Results and conclusion: : A total of 3.437 of samples of medical arthropod belonging to 96 species have been collected including: three species of flea (Siphonaptera), two species of tick (Ixodoidea), four species of chigges (Trombiculidae), ten species of mites (Gamasoidea), twenty four species of flies (Muscoidea), and fifty-three species of mosquito (Culicidae). They belong to 39 genuses, 17 families, 3 orders: (Siphonaptera, Acarina and Diptera); two classes (Insecta and Arachnida). \r\n', u'Some species having epidemiological role such as Aedes albopictus, Culex tritaeniorhyncus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. vishnui ... were predominant at all study sites. Anopheles minimus, the main malaria vector, was mainly collected in cattle- sheds in Truong Ha and Bach Dang communes. \r\n', u'
Medical arthropod ; investigation

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 in burden of disease caused worldwide. Objective: To research the epidemiology of COPD in the population of Bac Giang city and finding out the risk factors of COPD. Subjects and method: Cross-sectional survey of general population sample of 2,104 men and women with the age \ufffd?0 years in 30 wards of 11 communes of Bac Giang city. Data on respiratory symptoms, diseases, and risk factors were collected. Lung function tests were performed with Spiroanalyzer snoo, Japan. Results and conclusions: The incidence of COPD was 2.3%; in men 3.0% and in women 1.7%. The incidence of simple chronic bronchitis was 6.4%. People who smoked had higher rate of COPD than the others (OR = 2.8). The incidence of smoking in COPD was 55.9%. The three most important risk factors of COPD was the age \ufffd?0; smoking >15 pack/year and medical history of asthma.
Pulmonary Disease ; Chronic Obstructive/ epidemiology

Introduction: Hepatitis C is a dangerous disease and if left untreated can have serious consequences to the patients. While hepatitis C is difficult to treat, its vaccine is still unavailable. Previous studies have showed that there is a low rate of drug users having HCV tests. This means HCV infections does not have any great importance attached to it amongst the drug user group.\r\n', u'Objectives: To discover the status of HCV infection among drug users in Hanoi and to analyse the associated factors. \r\n', u'Subjects and methods: This crossover descriptive study was conducted in Hanoi. Research objects consisted of only men within the 16 - 25 years old age group, who used heroin from 09/2005 to 12/2006. These participants were interviewed and tested for HIV, HCV and HBV.\r\n', u'Results: HCV prevalence is 35.1 %. Especially, the research has indicated that 100% of HIV infected cases have also contracted HCV. This co - infectious status can be a challenge to subjects when they experience ARV treatment. The mean age of surveyed participants is 19. 83.6% of them have attended secondary school. 30.1 % have taken part in illegal earning activities. \r\n', u'Conclusion: HCV infection was discovered in the early drug injection stage. The proportion of HIV infection among injecting drug users is 28.24 times compared to the smoking drug users.\r\n', u'
HeV ; HIV ; Injecting drug user

Background: Standard treatment for pleural infection includes of drainage and antibiotics. Chest tube drainage often fails if the fluid is loculated by fibrinous adhesions. Intrapleural fibrinolysis may facilitate pleural drainage. Objective: To evaluate the role of Streptokinase (STK) in the treatment of empyema and exudative pleural effusions. Subjects and method: A study included 34 patients (21 patients with exudative pleural effusions, 13 patients with empyema), aged 15-77 years. All patients received intrapleural STK daily with dose of 300.0000-500.000 UI for empyema and 300.000 UI for exudative pleural effusions. Response was assessed by clinical outcome, pleural fluid drainage, chest radiography, pleural ultrasound. Results: Mean pleural fluid drainage after STK instillation was higher in all patients. Pleural fluid drainage was 640 \xb1 494 ml before STK instillation and 823 \xb1 755 ml after STK instillation for empyema; 765 \xb1 691 ml before STK instillation and 1,033 \xb1 757 ml after STK instillation for exudative pleural effusions. The success rate of clinical outcome was 100%. Only 2 patients required decortications. Fever occurred in 3 patients (8.8%) and allergy in 1 patient (3%). Conclusions: Intrapleural STK was safe and effective in the treatment of empyema and exudative pleural effusions. STK prevents pleural adhesions and reduces the risks for surgery.
Streptokinase/ therapeutic use ; Empyema ; Pleural/therapy ; Pleural Effusion/ therapy

Background: Can Gio mangrove forest is bio-diversified area. There is few studies on medical arthropod in Can Gio mangrove forest until now. Objective: To study bio-diversified feature and identify species with disease transmitting role. Subject and Method: In 2007, medical arthropod surveys were conducted at 3 sites located in the natural conserve zone- Can Gio mangrove forest. A cross-sectional study was used. Results and Conclusions: A total of samples of 6178 individuals of medical arthropod belonging to 65 species have been collected, including 3 species of flea (Siphonaptera), 1 species of ticks (Ixodidae), 6 species of chiggers (Trombiculidae), 6 species of mites (Gamasoidea), 25 species of flies (Muscoidea) and 24 species of mosquitoes (Culicidae). They belong to 37 genus, 17 families, 3 orders (Siphonaptera, Acarina and Diptera), and 2 classes (Insecta and Arachnida). 20 species having epidemiological role were found in Can Gio mangrove forest. The rate of Anopheles epiroticus biting human at night indoor, outdoor and daytime indoor is rather high, especially at the end of dry season at centre of the forest.
Mangrove forest ; medical arthropod ; species ; genus