The expenditure structure and the sharing of the cost from in patients and out patient betweem subject with and without insurance subscriptive subject at commune and district level were analysed. Health Insurance service had supported importantly the subject at basic level especially the poors and the pensioneers who received 100% of allowance to access to the health care. Other expenditures, included also the gifts, from the insurance subscribers were higher consisderably than the subjects without insurance. For old person and pensioneers who hospitalized, these other expenditures account for high rate (60,91% at commune level and 60,32% at district level)
Health Expenditures ; Insurance

Some factors influence the coverage of Health Insurance concluded: sex; town/countryside; age; nationality; 8 areas; education; living standard (5 standards); profession. Depending on each kind of Health Insurance, the factors influence the coverage of Health Insurance were different. In general the coverage of Health Insurance was often low, concentrated at some vulnerable groups as follows: the poor, people who live in the countryside, ethnic minority, low of education.
Insurance, Health ; Epidemiology ; Education

Health Insurance has been implemented after 10 years, the coverage of Health Insurance for the compulsory group is only 61.3%. Pupil is considered as a potential group for the voluntary Health Insurance (25.7%). The social welfare group is 72.9%. The Health Insurance card for the poor is very low (11.9%). Only 0.2% of population has voluntary Health Insurance. Especially, in Viet Nam the coverage of Health Insurance among peasants and ordinary workers (up to 70% of population) is only 0.2% of total Health Insurance users. In order to do successfully Health Insurance Policy with the aim to improve voluntary Health Insurance progressing Health Insurance for all, it is neccessary to evaluate strictly implementation of Health Insurance Policy as well as recommend appropriate solutions for further.
Insurance, Health ; Epidemiology ; Pupil

Assessment 3 communes of Khang Ninh, Thuong Giao and Cao Thuong, Ba Be district, Bac Can province showed that: the rate of poor households were very high, the pollution of the enviroment was very serious. On the health care: the medical stations at 3 communes were lack in number and insufficient quality. The medical index were very low:malnourished children at 3 communes were very high; remained malaria, the incidence of intestinal parasite in children were at high level; women who had gynecological examination was very low; the health care for mothers were very poor.
Delivery of Health Care ; Poverty ; Environment ; Child

Background: Bacteria are among the common pathogens in Vietnam and other developing countries. Antibiotics are effective in the treatment, but the antibiotics gradually become ineffective due to drug resistance of bacteria, especially in children. The study on influenza virus in 2001-2003 has resulted in preventative activities against the acute respiratory tract infections in children.\r\n', u'Objectives: Determine the root cause bacterial infections and often determine the extent of antibiotic resistance of common pathogenic bacteria isolated in Hai Phong pediatric Hospital.\r\n', u'Subjects and method: At Microorganism Department of Hai Phong pediatric Hospital from January 2003 to December 2004, 558 trains of common pathogenic microorganisms were isolated from 0 -15 year old children clinical samples such as: blood, pus, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, stool...These samples of isolated microorganisms were also tested on their sensitiveness to several antibiotics.\r\n', u'Results:Findings showed that the 3 most frequently recognized bacterier out of 11 antibiotic sensitive tested species were: streptococcus pneumoniae (20.61%), neisseria (18.1%), E.coli (15.95%); and the most resisted antibiotics included: Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol and Ampiciline. The staph was resistant to general Chlora, phenicol, Co-trimoxazol, and also sensitive to cefotacim, Amikacin. In the bacillus bacteria tested were resistant blue latex all, only works with Amikacin.\r\n', u'Conclusion: Its also found that every kind of tested bacterium had got various levels of sensitivity to different of antibiotics.\r\n', u'
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; Adenoviridae ; Influenza ; Human ;

System suitability tests are an integral part of liquid chromatographic technique. They are used to verify the resolution (R) and reproducibility of the analysis to be done. HPLC method for assaying the related substances test of Cefaclor in raw material as well as in pharmaceutical dosage forms introduced to some pharmacopoeia such as EP, USP need to use Delta- 3 cefaclor as the internal standard to verify the suitability of chromatographic system. In case of lacking it to use, Cephalexin can be used as the internal standard in place of Delta-3 cefaclor. cell
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cefaclor

During the period from 1993 to 1997, 126 poliovirus positive cases from samples of 1.098 acute flaccid paralysis patients of all provinces in the Northern region and 5 others in the Central region of Viet Nam have been identified. Among them 97 cases were caused by poliovirus type 1, 5 by type 2, 10 by type 3, 11 were identified as a multitype infection and 3 cases were the combination of poliovirus and enteroviruses. The antigenic properties of the poliovirus strains isolated have been studied using monoclonal antibody and polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that, 53 strains of poliovirus type 1 were identified as the wild-type virus, the rest were of Sabin-type virus. The wild poliovirus strains were then classified in to 2 groups by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods. No case of wild type virus was isolated since 1994.
Poliomyelitis ; Polioviruses ; Paralysis

During the period from 1999 to 2000, 12 poliovirus isolates were obtained from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and 2 from healthy children who have been vaccineated with Sabin's oral polio vaccine. These isolated have been examined by PCR-RFLP. The results showed that the isolates were genetically identical to the regional Sabin's poliovirus strains
Poliomyelitis ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; Polioviruses ; Paralysis ; Child

20 healthy male students from 20-25 years of age were studied on the changes of peripheral blood indexes after the exact Hegu laser He-Ne irradiation with intensity 130 mW/cm2 for 2 minutes/point. 10 (changed most clearly) of 20 these students were irradiated laser outside the Hegu (1cm far from the Hegu) as the control group. Before irradiating, after laser 10, 30 minutes, vein blood was taken to investigate the following indexes: RBC, WBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, NEUT/1, LYMPH/1, MDX/1, RDW-SD, MPV, P-LCR. The results showed that PLT, WBC, LYMPH/1 reduced markly after 10, 30 minutes (p<0.05); there were no differences of the other (RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, NEUT/1, RDW-SD, PDW, P-LCR) between before and after laser irradiation. There was no differences between before and after outside-Hegu laser He-Ne irradiation; the time when the peripheral blood indexes changed more clearly is at the 30th minute after irradiating.
Lasers ; Hematology

66 strains of heamophilus influenzae and 50 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from nasopharyngeal aspirates from 161 patients under 5 years old with ARI at the Viet Nam - Cu Ba Hospital, Ha Noi, during 9/1997 to 9/1998. 13 antibiotics were tested using the disk diffusion method. H.influenzae is still susceptible to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones (95-100%). S.pneumoniae is also susceptible to cephalosporins (82-100%).
Respiratory Tract Infections ; child ; Helicobacter pylori