This study was conducted in 50 villages of 10 districts in 10 provinces. Results showed a low rate of lavatories and latrines available in investigated households (60%). From them 44.2% are suitable to proper model and 17.9% are satisfied the adequate standard
Toilet Facilities ; Family Characteristics

Risk of food related poison and outbreak of the food borne diseases is increasingly in the world. Most of the food borne disease caused by microbial and parasites. There were at least 16 species of microorganism, 4 species of virus, 4 species of protozoan and 13 species of helminthes that can cause the disease by food. Each country should establish the strategy of the food safety with the detailed solutions on the management, production and processing of the food as well as education and communication in the community.
Disease Outbreaks ; Food

In order to making plan and conducting medical mission in Hai Phong, we investigated the actual state of health services at 20 schools in Hai Phong. Basing on obtained materials, we have following results: Medical professional is functioning in 55% of surveyed schools, but most of them have not good qualification. In 86.5% of classrooms, there is good natural light, but nowhere have got standardized school furniture.
School Health Services ; Delivery of Health Care

The research has carried out on October 1997 in Can Tho City and Ha Tay province, to assess pupils' health in order to recommend correspondent solutions for this situation. By questionnaire and deeply interview, 900 pupils of 9 primary schools in Can Tho and Ha Tay were assessed. The results are as follows: there is a high prevalence of disease. Most of the diseases are headache, dental disease. Pupils' health care at school has become more important. Many health programs have been implemented in school. However, the effectiveness of those has not reached the expected result (e.g. periodical health examination, some other health services...). It is necessary to have further research for pupils' health and support from the government and the local authorities.
School Health Services ; Delivery of Health Care

The health related problems can be reduced through the school health programs such as HIV/AIDS, accident and trauma, reproductive health, helminthic diseases, nutrition, drinking water supply and environment, immunization, alcohol drinking, smoking, drug addiction, orodental health. The WHO planned the activities for school health program. The children health has been improving but the young generation must respond to new risks and challenges. In 2000, there were about 26 millions of people with HIV infection with 2 millions deaths due to AIDS, and 3 millions of deaths due to the smoking, the drug resistance microbial are increasingly.
School Health Services ; Delivery of Health Care

The double compartment latrine in Vietnam was designed based on 3 scientific hygienic principles including to seperation, drying and reuse. The advantages of technique were to protect the water resource from contamination, kill the germs and generate the valuable pertilizers resources. It is really a technique of the ecological maintenance. It will be improved more and more.
Toilet Facilities ; hygiene

In 2000, there were about 755 millions people lack fresh water, of which 51% lived in the municipal regions of developing countries. In 2020, it will cover the fresh water for people who live in the municipal regions of latrine America and Caribe. 86% of rural people in Africa has not fresh water. There were about 3.3 billions people have been using the unhygienic toilet of which 74% live in the countryside
Water Supply ; Environment ; Hygiene

Salmonella typhimurium phage 28B and Ascaris suum ova were used as indicators to evaluate the ability of pathogen destruction of 6 types of dry toilets and the retention time of fecal material processing vault needing for health safety. The results showed that: among three factors: pH, temperature, moisture, pH was the most significantly influenced on the survival time of indicators. When pH>10, Salmonella phages and Ascaris ova were destroyed very fast. These pH values could be reached if after defecation 300mL of wood-ash was added. At least 6 months of retention for fecal materials inside dry toilets are needed
Hygiene ; Salmonella typhimurium

This study introduced the arsenic and arsenic intoxication in the world, especially in arsenic contaminated drinking water in Bangladesh. The study on the 1,200 samples of drinking water from drilling well in Hanoi and surround areas of river delta by the Center for Fresh Water and Environmental Hygiene of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development found that there was a high contaminated level for the geological layer Holocene in the river delta.
Arsenic ; Poisoning

The quality of drinking and running water had major influenced to human health. The use of comtanimated water could be cause of cholera, dysenteria, and typhoid outbreaks with different scales. Aside from many water-born diseases with the causes of microbilogy, chemical contamination also is a major threat for community health. So, it is necessary to strengthen control the quality of water by authorities and community
Water ; Health ; Health Services ; Residence Characteristics