Resilience refers to a person's ability to successfully adapt to acute stress, trauma or more chronic forms of adversity, maintaining psychological well-being. Recent years have seen a lot of research into the neurobiological factors and mechanism that characterize resilient individuals. It has shown that resilience is mediated by adaptive changes in several neural circuits involving numerous neurotransmitter and molecular pathways. Much more study is required to achieve a deeper understanding the genetic, biological, and psychological underpinnings of resilience, as well as the interactions between these factors.
Neurobiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Phosphatidylethanolamines

23 healthy male students from 19-26 of age were studied on the change of serum concentration of cortisol, ACTH, catecholamin, acetylchollin and beta-endorphin after 30 minutes Hegu electroacupuncture. The results show that: there is increase of catecholamin and acetylcholin concentration, decrease of cortisol concentration after exact Hegu electro- acupuncture.- No significant difference of ACTH and beta-endorphin concentration is detected before and after Hegu electro- acupuncture.- Above parameters do not change after outside the Hegu electro- acupuncture exept cortisol concentration that is markly lower.
Acupuncture ; hormones ; Neurotransmitter Agents

No abstract available.
Animals ; Neurons* ; Neurotransmitter Agents* ; Rats*

The present report describes the cases of a 17-year-old male patient and a 13-year-old female patient who developed acute dystonia following the administration of low-dose aripiprazole (5 mg/day) after the cessation of atomoxetine treatment. Although aripiprazole-induced dystonia has been previously reported in the literature, it is rare, and most of these cases were associated with doses higher than 5 mg/day. Furthermore, both of the patients in the present study discontinued atomoxetine prior to the initiation of aripiprazole treatment; thus, this report also discussed the possible mechanisms underlying the manifestation of dystonia from the perspective of neurotransmitter activity.
Adolescent ; Dystonia* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neurotransmitter Agents

Stress and trauma research has traditionally focused on negative sequelae of adversity. Recently, research has begun to focus on positive outcomes, specifically post-traumatic growth (PTG) - "positive change experienced as a result of the struggle with trauma" - which emphasizes the transformative potential of one's experiences with highly stressful events and circumstances. This article describes the concept of PTG at three different perspectives. In addition we reviewed the neurobiological factors and mechanism of PTG. It has shown that PTG is mediated by adaptive changes in several neural circuits involving numerous neurotransmitter and molecular pathways. Much more study is required to achieve a deeper understanding the biological and psychological underpinnings of PTG, as well as the interactions between these factors. After all, the clinical phenomenology of PTG is very important for mental growth after trauma. The findings of this article provide further directions for research and clinical implication of PTG.
Fertilization* ; Life Change Events ; Neurobiology* ; Neurotransmitter Agents

Remarkable progresses have been achieved regarding the understanding of the neurobiological bases of pain and depression. The principal role of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones has been proposed in the development of pain and depression. With the progression of molecular biology, an intricate interaction among biological factors accountable to the development and management of pain and depression has been also shown in a numerous preclinical and clinical researches. This mini-review will briefly describe the current issues and future research direction for better understanding of the relationship between pain and depression.
Biological Factors ; Depression* ; Molecular Biology ; Neurotransmitter Agents

Serotonin is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of depressive illness. The assessment of alteration of cerebral serotonin has been still controversial but interesting topic to study. Recently, increasing evidence has accumulated that the N100 amplitude slope reflects cerebral serotonin activity and treatment response of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). We report on two patients who showed abrupt mood changes and side effects after taking SSRI antidepressants. In both patients, aberrantly high N100 amplitude slopes were observed. Our cases suggest that the N100 amplitude slope may be a reliable indicator for predicting manic conversion and side effects in the SSRI treatment of depressive patients. Controlled studies are necessary to confirm whether a high N100 amplitude slope is a useful indicator of SSRI supersensitivity.
Antidepressive Agents ; Depression ; Humans ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

The use of pharmacological agents is often the preferred approach to the management of vestibular dysfunction. In the vestibular sensory pathways, the sensory neuroepithelia are thought to be influenced by a diverse number of neuroactive substances that may act to enhance or inhibit the effect of the primary neurotransmitters [i.e., glutamate (Glu) and acetylcholine (ACh)] or alter their patterns of release. This review summarizes various efforts to identify drug targets including neurotransmitter and neuromodulator receptors in the vestibular sensory pathways. Identifying these receptor targets provides a strategic basis to use specific pharmacological tools to modify receptor function in the treatment and management of debilitating balance disorders. A review of the literature reveals that most investigations of the neuropharmacology of peripheral vestibular function have been performed using in vitro or ex vivo animal preparations rather than studying drug action on the normal intact vestibular system in situ. Such noninvasive approaches could aid the development of more accurate and effective intervention strategies for the treatment of dizziness and vertigo. The current review explores the major neuropharmacological targets for drug action in the vestibular system.
Acetylcholine ; Animals ; Dizziness ; Glutamic Acid ; In Vitro Techniques ; Neuropharmacology ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter ; Vertigo

The use of pharmacological agents is often the preferred approach to the management of vestibular dysfunction. In the vestibular sensory pathways, the sensory neuroepithelia are thought to be influenced by a diverse number of neuroactive substances that may act to enhance or inhibit the effect of the primary neurotransmitters [i.e., glutamate (Glu) and acetylcholine (ACh)] or alter their patterns of release. This review summarizes various efforts to identify drug targets including neurotransmitter and neuromodulator receptors in the vestibular sensory pathways. Identifying these receptor targets provides a strategic basis to use specific pharmacological tools to modify receptor function in the treatment and management of debilitating balance disorders. A review of the literature reveals that most investigations of the neuropharmacology of peripheral vestibular function have been performed using in vitro or ex vivo animal preparations rather than studying drug action on the normal intact vestibular system in situ. Such noninvasive approaches could aid the development of more accurate and effective intervention strategies for the treatment of dizziness and vertigo. The current review explores the major neuropharmacological targets for drug action in the vestibular system.
Acetylcholine ; Animals ; Dizziness ; Glutamic Acid ; In Vitro Techniques ; Neuropharmacology ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter ; Vertigo

The prevalence for the development of dementia is about 10% and 20% in people over the age of 65 and 80, respectively. Underlying causes for its development are various. With the progress of modem medicine, the mean survival age is dramatically increased and for the consequence, greater number of people suffer from dementia. According to the postmortem studies, 70% of the dementia patients were of the Alzheimer's type. In recent times, active research on the relationship between the Alzheimer's disease and the neurochemical changes is being conducted and much progress has been made. In addition to the consistant deficiency of cholinergic system, abnormal ities in noradrenergic and GABAergic systems and reductions of somatostatin have been reported. In the same areas of brain of patients who suffered from Alxheimer's disease where these changes of neurotransmitters were found, there were massive accumulation of aluminium. Therefore, this review discusses the specific changes of various neurotransmitters in the brain and the potential therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Brain ; Dementia ; Humans ; Modems ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Prevalence ; Somatostatin