In this article neuroanatomical and verbal developmental process were introduced, followed that disorders and assessment of language function were reviewed. Finally, the causes and assessment of developmental dyslexia as a childhood disorder related to verbal function were reviewed.
Dyslexia ; Neuropsychology

No abstract available.
Neuropsychiatry* ; Neuropsychology* ; Neurosciences*

Disturbances in memory are the most common problem in patients with an organic mental syndrome. Other patients with significant psychiatric disorder also often have memory. So it is very important in the clinical practice of psychiatry to understand the biological and neurocognitive mechanisms of memory proessing, and to develop the assessment tools with which memory function can be evaluated reliably and validly. Moreover, memory researches provide an important viewpoint from which we can understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of major neuropsychiatric illnesses. This article focuses on our understanding of memory function in clinical and neurobiological aspects. The relevant material will be presented in four pats : 1) terminologies needed in defining major stages of various types of memory processing : 2) neurochemical and neuroanatomical basis of memory processing : 3) brief bedside screening and more comprehensive neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of memory function : 4) the characteristics of memory dysfunction in several major psychiatric illnesses.
Humans ; Mass Screening ; Memory* ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Neuropsychology

OBJECTIVES: Executive dysfunction including working memory deficit has been suggested to be one of the major neuropsychological etiologies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the augmentative effects of Cogmed working memory training on the symptoms and neurocognitive functions in medicated children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS: Twenty-five children with ADHD, aged 7 to 19 years, taking ADHD medication participated in this study. The participants were trained for 5 weeks with a commercially available and computerized working memory program (Cogmed®) without any changes to their medication. The Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, and Comprehensive Attention Test were administered before training and 4 weeks and 7 months after training, respectively. RESULTS: After completing the training, the clinical symptoms and function, rated by the parents and clinician, were improved. In addition, the level of commission errors was significantly reduced in the selective attention (visual/auditory) task, sustained attention to response task, and flanker task. The untrained visuospatial short-term memory and working memory were also improved. These effects were still observed 7 months after the training. CONCLUSION: Cogmed working memory training can be a promising training option for the additional improvement of the symptoms and deficits in working memory and response inhibition in medicated children with ADHD.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term* ; Neuropsychology* ; Parents

This article presents the potential integration of yoga and physiotherapy when considering the essence of their underlying concepts. Within the scope of this article the existence of several similarities between these two 'concepts' has been suggested. Researchers, physiotherapists and their patients as well as yoga practitioners can obtain valuable and additional arguments through the cross-fertilization of ideas across presented studies united by shared, underlying concepts. The practice of yoga is based on the following assumptions: complexity and multidimensionality, various positive influences on an individual's wholeness through the mind, body, and the relationships between them. These assumptions may have the potential to contribute towards the practice of physiotherapy and its underlying principles. The essence of physiotherapy as a multifaceted process requires teamwork and efforts of various specialists like psychologists, sociologists, occupational therapists and nurses if patients are to benefit. Ideally, the physiotherapist should possess knowledge from these areas of science in order to professionally care about patients. Therefore, it can be suggested that basic similarities exist between yoga and physiotherapy in terms of mutidisciplinarity and complexity of holistic care. Such conceptual enrichment may be a useful source of inspiration for physiotherapists concerned about their patients' overall health on a daily basis. The authors emphasize the usefulness of yoga practice in clinical units and explain how the essence of Ayurvedic knowledge might be extrapolated and incorporated into theoretical principles of physiotherapy process. The justification of the studies included is also presented.
Biomedical Research ; Humans ; Neuropsychology ; Physical Therapy Modalities ; Posture ; Yoga

OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at the pathoanatomic correlates of emotional problem in the patients with stroke. METHOD: Thirty patients with single, unilateral hemispheric lesion and no predisposing factors for psychiatric disorder were selected. Several neuropsychological assessments such as Mini- mental status examination-Korean (MMSE-K), Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI), Symptom checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) and Functional independence measure (FIM) were performed on all patients by a clinical psychologist and an occupational therapist. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between right and left hemisphere lesion group in emotional problems. Right hemispheric lesion group showed significantly higher scores of psychasthenia (MMPI), Obsessive-compulsive (SCL-90-R) and self care (FIM) than left hemispheric lesion group did. But there were no statistically significant differences between cortical and subcortical lesion group. Groups of left cortical lesion, right cortical lesion, left subcortical lesion and right subcortical lesion were not significantly different in their neuropsychological assessments and FIM except self care. CONCLUSION: Obsessive-compulsive and anxious emotional problems are more closely related with right hemispheric lesion. Therefore patients with right hemispheric lesion need more careful psychological and psychiatric evaluation. However, because of the small numbers of subjects involved in the study, the role of lesion location remains unclear so that consecutive follow-up studies are needed.
Causality ; Humans ; MMPI ; Neuroanatomy ; Neuropsychology ; Psychology ; Self Care ; Stroke*

Background: Verbal learning test is useful and significant test to evaluating memory function. There were many memory tests but few for elderly and dementia patients. Although there have been a variety of Korean memory tests developed, these tests were difficult to administer to dementia patients and elderly individuals with low educational levels. Therefore, we developed the Korean Memory Test (KMT). Methods: The KMT task consists of three trials of free recall of 10 simplified line drawing figures of familiar materials. Three immediate recall trials and one 20 minutes delayed recall and one recognition trial were administered. Sixty-five of probable Alzheimer's patients received the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), Korean version of expanded Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) and KMT. Also sixty-seven of normal controls were enrolled. We tested reliability and validity of the KMT and also evaluated scores of the KMT with progression of dementia. Results: The parameters of the KMT correlated with CDR -0.74~-0.77 (p<0.01), K-MMSE 0.66~0.68 (p<0.01). The internal consis- tency was 0.78 (Cronbach's alpha). Most of the KMT's parameters decreased with CDR significantly (p<0.01). Conclusions: The KMT is a good test for evaluating memory function of elderly with low educational level. Also it is a sensitive and specific test to detection of dementia in early stage and has excellent reliability and validity.
Aged* ; Alzheimer Disease ; Dementia ; Humans ; Memory* ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neuropsychology ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Verbal Learning

Clinical neuropsychological test were developed originally for the diagnosis of neurological and neuro-surgical diseased. Recently, these tests are being introduced to psychiatric patients. Authors had the experience to use these tests in pychiatric outpatient clinic. Results were as follows. There was a significantly increase in language and attentional function in residual schizophrenia compared to normal control. In chronic neurosis, as visuospatial function was reduced, language and attentional functions were enhanced. With these results, authors suggest that application of neuropsychological tests in psychiatric patients may be very helpful in classifying the subgroups of disease, in selecting the modality of treatment. and in expecting prognosis.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Neuropsychological Tests* ; Neuropsychology ; Outpatients* ; Prognosis ; Schizophrenia

This paper reviewed models to explain memory and neuropsychological tests to assess memory. Memory was explained in cognitive and neuroanatomical perspectives, Cognitive model describes memory as structure and process. In structure model, memory is divided into three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory(working memory), and long-term memory. In process model, there are broadly three categories of memory process: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory process work in memory structure. There are two prominent models of the neuroanatomy of memory, derived from the work of Mishkin and Appenzeller and that of Squire and Zola-Morgan. These two models art the most useful for the clinician in part because they take into account the connections between the limbic and frontal cortical regions, The major difference between the two models concerns the role of the amygdala in memory processess. Mishkin and his colleagues believe that the amygdala plays a significant role while Squire and his colleagues do not, The most popular and widely used tests of memory ability such as WMS-R, AVLT, CVLT, RBMT, CFT, and BVRT-R, were reviewed.
Amygdala ; Memory* ; Memory, Long-Term ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neuroanatomy ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Neuropsychology*

BACKGROUND: Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder involving the cortical and subcortical areas enabling it to cause abnormalities of both cognition and movement. In some reports, CBD has been known to develop variable degrees of intellectual, memory and language impairment. However, detailed neuropsychological assessments of CBD up to now have been few. We conducted a detailed neuropsychological investigation and FDG-PET to delineate the pattern of neuropsychological dysfunction of CBD and to correlate neuropsychological dysfunction with FDG-PET findings. METHODS: All 6 patients (5; right handedness, 1; left handedness) were diagnosed with CBD using clinical criteria. All the patients underwent detailed neuropsychological and brain FDG-PET tests. RESULTS: Neuropsychological tests showed multiple cognitive dysfunctions with moderate memory impairment. FDG-PET scans showed asymmetric decreased metabolism in bilateral fronoto-temporo-parietal cortical and subcortical areas. The extent of asymmetricity was greater on the subcortical than cortical areas. Unlike previous reports, the medial temporal and fronto-parietal metabolisms were similarly depressed. CONCLUSIONS: All CBD patients displayed prominent deficits on mostly cognitive domains. FDG-PET may explain the relation between cognitive dysfunctions and cortical hypometabolism and help differentiate CBD with other dementing disorders.
Brain ; Cognition ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Memory ; Metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Neuropsychology*