Aluminum ; toxicity ; Cell Death ; drug effects ; Humans ; Neurons ; drug effects

Animals ; Cocaine ; pharmacology ; Habenula ; drug effects ; physiology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; physiology ; Pain Threshold ; drug effects ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by manganese, and observe the effects on the apoptosis of neurons in rat striatum.

METHODSSD rats were divided into four groups, six rats each group. Three dose groups were exposed to high, middle, and low level of MnCl(2). At the end of experiment, all rats of the exposed groups and control group were decapitated, their striatums were removed and the Mn content of striatum, the apoptotic morphology, ratio and ultrastructural organization were analyzed.

RESULTSThe Mn content of striatum and apoptosis index of the three dose groups exposed to high, middle, and low level of Mn were significantly higher than control group (P < 0.05). The Mn content of striatum of the three dose groups exposed to high, middle, low level of MnCl(2) and control group were 2.98 +/- 0.52, 2.75 +/- 0.37, 2.61 +/- 0.73, 0.60 +/- 0.20 respectively. The apoptosis index of striatum of the three dose groups exposed to high, middle, low level of MnCl(2) and control group were 24.83 +/- 5.98, 17.00 +/- 5.33, 15.33 +/- 2.58, 2.83 +/- 0.41 respectively, and following higher level dose, the apoptosis index increased. The nucleus of neurons in striatum become smaller, condensed, etc, and these character showed apoptosis of neurons.

CONCLUSIONMn can result in apoptotic morphology and increase level of apoptosis in striatum. The level of apoptos varies with Mn concentration.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Corpus Striatum ; drug effects ; Manganese ; Neurons ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor NL101 on L-homocysteine (HCA)-induced toxicity in rat neurons, and the toxic effect on normal rat neurons.

METHODSIn the presence of NL101 at various concentrations, HCA (5 mmol/L)-induced changes in cell density, necrosis, and viability were determined in the mixed cultures of rat cortical cells and the primary cultures of rat neurons. The direct effect of NL101 on primary neurons was also observed in the absence of HCA. Histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) was used as the control. After the treatments, cell viability, the density, and morphology of neurons and glial cells, and cell necrosis were determined.

RESULTSIn the mixed cultures of cortical cells, NL101 had no effect on HCA (5 mmol/L)-induced cell number reduction at 0.001-10μmol/L; however, it significantly attenuated necrosis at 1-10 μmol/L, and increased neuronal number at 1 μmol/L. NL101 had no effect on the mixed cortical cells in the absence of HCA. In the primary neurons, NL101 reduced neuronal viability and mildly increased necrosis at 1-10 μmol/L in the absence of HCA, while it significantly attenuated HCA-induced neuronal viability reduction at 0.01-10 μmol/L and reduced neuronal necrosis at 1-10 μmol/L. The effects of NL101 were apparently similar to those of SAHA.

CONCLUSIONNL101 has protective effect on HCA-induced neuronal injury but it is neurotoxic at high concentrations, which is similar to the typical histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA.

Animals ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; Rats

Action Potentials ; drug effects ; Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Neurons ; drug effects ; physiology ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo explore effects of acrylamide on synaptic plasticity of rat neuron and its mechanisms.

METHODS24 Wistar rats were divided into control and test groups randomly, 12 rats in each group. The ratio of male and female in each group was 1:1. Acrylamide (30 mg/kg) was administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection in test group and normal saline (5 g/kg) was given to rats in control group. The neurobehavioral and pathologic changes of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney were observed. Changes of parameters in synapse were recorded by electron microscope. As an important target of synapse, change of Synapsin I was measured by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTSCompared with the control group (male: 1.00 ± 0.00; female: 1.00 ± 0.00), the gait score was increased significantly in ACR treated group (male: 2.50 ± 0.55, t = -7.24, P < 0.01; female: 3.17 ± 0.41, t = -12.19, P < 0.01). No obvious pathological changes of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney were found in all rats. Compared with the control group (male: (0.41 ± 0.09) µm; female: (0.40 ± 0.06) µm), the length of active zone of synapse was decreased significantly in ACR treated group (male: (0.15 ± 0.05) µm, t = 6.59, P < 0.05; female: (0.14 ± 0.07) µm, t = 7.26, P < 0.05). The width and postsynaptic density of synapse in ACR treated group had no significant difference with control group. The location of Synapsin I of control group and ACR treated group was both in gray matter of spinal dorsal horn. Compared with the control group (male: 195.40 ± 12.30; female: 195.19 ± 6.71), the concentration of Synapsin I was decreased significantly in ACR treated group (male: 60.90 ± 29.19, t = 10.40, P < 0.05; female: 67.56 ± 20.23, t = 15.65, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONNeuronal synaptic plasticity was found in damage of nervous system induced by acrylamide in rats, which might be associated with the expression of Synapsin I.

Acrylamide ; toxicity ; Animals ; Female ; Male ; Neuronal Plasticity ; drug effects ; Neurons ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Synapses ; drug effects

AIM AND METHODSTo investigate the effect of 2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg losartan intraperitoneally (i.p) on arterial blood pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) in rat and the involvement in the activity of habenulas neurons. Glass micropipette was used to record any changes of unit discharging of neurons in LHb and MHb before and after losartan was intraperitoneally injected.

RESULTSAP and HR were not significantly changed by 2 mg/kg losartan (i.p). However, AP was apparently decreased by 10 mg/kg losartan (i.p), but HR was unchanged. After 10 mg/kg losartan (i.p), 66.66% (12/18) unit discharging of neurons in LHb were increased in frequency, and 61.90% (13/21) in MHb were decreased.

CONCLUSIONAP of rat was significantly decreased by 10 mg/kg losartan (i.p). Depressor effect of losartan (i.p) was involved in the excision of neurons in LHb and the inhibition in MHb.

Animals ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Habenula ; drug effects ; physiology ; Losartan ; pharmacology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Spinal cord injury is a serious disabling disease caused by a series of internal and external factors in the field of orthopaedics and neuroscience, which is a big problem for doctors all over the world. Lithium has been used to treat dipolar disorder for over 100 years. It has been reported that lithium is benefit for brain neuron. The treatment effect for spinal cord injury gets more and more attention. Researches indicate that lithium is benefit for spinal cord injury by protecting neuron,reducing after-injury inflammation increasing the produce and release of neurotrophins, stimulating neurogenesis, enhancing autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis. This article summaries advances in mechanism of treatment for spinal cord injury with lithium by reviewing and analyzing researches. Therapy combined with lithium has a good application prospect.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Humans ; Lithium ; therapeutic use ; Neurons ; cytology ; drug effects ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; drug therapy ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) on the morphology of the hippocampal neurons of rats with electrical hippocampal injuries and evaluate its protective effects on the learning and memory function.

METHODSForty female SD rats were randomly divided into G-Rg1 group, saline group, sham-operated group and G-Rg1+Sham operation group. Using the stereotactic apparatus, electrical hippocampal injury was induced, not in the two sham groups, by application of direct electrical current, followed by treatments with intragastric administration of G-Rg1 or saline for 14 consecutive days. The learning and memory function of the rats was assessed with Morris water maze test. The viability and arrangement of the hippocampal neurons and the number of Nissl bodies were observed after the treatments.

RESULTSTreatment with G-Rg1 significantly improved the learning and memory function of rats with electrical hippocampal injury. The viability of the hippocampal neurons showed no significant changes in the two sham-operated groups (P>0.05), and the number of Nissl bodies was much lower in saline group than in the other groups (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSG-Rg1 can improve the learning and memory function of rats with electrical hippocampal injury, the mechanism of which is probably associated with its protective effect on the hippocampal neurons against electrical injury.

Animals ; Female ; Ginsenosides ; pharmacology ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; drug effects ; pathology ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Neurons ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Strychnine (Stry.) has been used, as an instrument for studies of experimental epilepsy, though its precise mode of action has remained obscure. One mechanism of action was partially clarified in 1954 ,by the demonstration that subconvulsive doses of Stry. reduce the amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in the cat's spinal motoneurons (MN). Because of the rapid onset of its action and the absence of effects upon monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), it was proposed that Stry. competed with some unidentified transmitter for inhibitory receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane. Electrophoresis of Stry. is known to block the inhibitory effects of glycine, a likely candidate as an inhibitory transmitter on MN in the cat spinal cord. A Stry. resistant inhibition seems to exist not only in the higher portion of the CNS, but also for the spinal MN. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is a candidate for this synaptic transmitter. In Nembutal anesthetized cat, intracellular recording of spinal MN was performed during Stry. induced seizure. To conclude, it can be said that there were no consistant changes in the MN action potential which would reflect an action of Stry. upon MN's membrane properties important to seizure generation. It is still to be resolved whether the increase in polysynaptic EPSP amplitude is due to a Stry. effect upon the membrane properties of excitatory interneurons or to an effect only upon the inhibitory as well as the EPSPs.
Action Potentials/drug effects* ; Animal ; Cats ; Convulsions/chemically induced ; Female ; Male ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects* ; Motor Neurons/drug effects* ; Spinal Cord/drug effects* ; Strychnine/pharmacology*