No Abstract Available.
Gene Expression* ; Neuroglia*

No abstract available.
Calcium* ; Lidocaine* ; Neuroglia* ; Reperfusion*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Mice* ; Neuroglia* ; Theilovirus*

Neuroglia ; Brain ; Biology

Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) is a subtype of dominantly inherited leukoencephalopathies caused by novel CSF1R gene mutation predominantly affecting the cerebral white matter. High signal lesions on diffusion weighted image (DWI) are characteristic. Herein, we describe a patent with ALSP with a novel mutation. The patient had persistent DWI lesions, worsening white matter changes associated with rapidly progressive clinical symptoms.
Axons ; Diffusion ; Humans ; Leukoencephalopathies ; Neuroglia ; White Matter

NG2-glia are a major type of glial cells that are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, they mainly differentiate into oligodendrocytes and contribute to the myelination of axons, so they are generally called oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Emerging evidence suggests that NG2-glia not only act as the precursors of oligodendrocytes but also possess many other biological properties and functions. For example, NG2-glia can form synapse with neurons and participate in energy metabolism and immune regulation. Under pathological conditions, NG2-glia can also differentiate into astrocytes, Schwann cells and even neurons, which are involved in CNS injury and repair. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics and functions of NG2-glia under physiological and pathological conditions will be helpful for the treatment of CNS injury and disease. This article reviews the recent advances in the biological characteristics and functions of NG2-glia.
Astrocytes ; Central Nervous System ; Neuroglia ; Neurons ; Oligodendroglia

For years, diabetic retinopathy has been defined based on vascular lesions, and neural abnormalities were not regarded as important. This review summarizes evidence that the neural retina has important effects on the retinal vasculature under normal conditions, and the interaction between the retinal neuroglial cells and vascular function is altered in diabetes. Importantly, new evidence raises a possibility that abnormalities within retinal neuroglial cells (notably photoreceptors) might actually be causing or initiating the vascular disease in diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Neuroglia* ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde* ; Vascular Diseases

Müller glia (MG) are the primary support cells in the vertebrate retina, regulating homeostasis in one of the most metabolically active tissues. In lower vertebrates such as fish, they respond to injury by proliferating and reprogramming to regenerate retinal neurons. In mammals, MG may also react to injury by proliferating, but they fail to initiate regeneration. The barriers to regeneration could be intrinsic to mammalian MG or the function of the niche that cannot support the MG reprogramming required for lineage conversion or both. Understanding these mechanisms in light of those being discovered in fish may lead to the formulation of strategies to unlock the neurogenic potential of MG and restore regeneration in the mammalian retina.
Homeostasis ; Mammals ; Neurogenesis ; Neuroglia* ; Regeneration ; Retina ; Retinal Neurons ; Vertebrates

A growing body of evidence suggests that glial cells play an important role in neural development, neural survival, nerve repair and regeneration, synaptic transmission and immune inflammation. As the highest number of cells in the central nervous system, the role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease (PD) has attracted more and more attention. It has been confirmed that nigral iron accumulation contributes to the death of dopamine (DA) neurons in PD. Until now, most researches on nigral iron deposition in PD are focusing on DA neurons, but in fact glial cells in the central nervous system also play an important role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Therefore, this review describes the role of iron metabolism of glial cells in death of DA neurons in PD, which could provide evidence to reveal the mechanisms underlying nigral iron accumulation of DA neurons in PD and provide the basis for discovering new potential therapeutic targets for PD.
Dopaminergic Neurons ; Humans ; Iron ; Nerve Degeneration ; Neuroglia ; Parkinson Disease

Gliosarcoma is a rare primary brain tumor composed of neoplastic glial cells and a sareomatous spindle-cell element. We report three cases of gliosarcoma, and describe their MR findings, which in many respects are very similar to those of malignant astrocytomas. Gliosarcomas are, however, more peripherally located, abutting and/or invading the dura mater, and at T2-weighted imaging their signal intensity is lower than is usually the case with malignant astrocyomas. Despite its rarity, the possibility of gliosarcoma should be considered when MR findings of this nature are apparent.
Astrocytoma ; Brain Neoplasms ; Dura Mater ; Gliosarcoma* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Neuroglia