No abstract available.
Neurobiology

Resilience refers to a person's ability to successfully adapt to acute stress, trauma or more chronic forms of adversity, maintaining psychological well-being. Recent years have seen a lot of research into the neurobiological factors and mechanism that characterize resilient individuals. It has shown that resilience is mediated by adaptive changes in several neural circuits involving numerous neurotransmitter and molecular pathways. Much more study is required to achieve a deeper understanding the genetic, biological, and psychological underpinnings of resilience, as well as the interactions between these factors.
Neurobiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Phosphatidylethanolamines

Human aggression is an urgent social and clinical problem. Aggression is an inescapable clinical challenge in diverse neuropsychiatric patients populations. Beacuse aggressive or violent behavior has many different causes and manifestations, the study of aggressive or violent behavior is very difficult. However, over the past 30years, such experiments have yields a large amount of information on the neuroanatomical, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms underlying aggression in mammals. In this paper, we reviewed the neurochemical and neuroanatomical aspects of human aggression.
Aggression* ; Humans ; Mammals ; Neurobiology*

Depression is a complicated psychiatric illness with severe consequences. Despite recent advanced achievements of molecular neurobiology, pathophysiology of depression has not been well elucidated. Among new findings of pathophysiology of depression, the possible fast antidepressant effect by N-methyl-D-asparate receptor antagonist, such as ketamine, is regarded as a promising treatment target of depression. Ketamine stimulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and activation of mTOR signaling pathway may be a key mechanism of the antidepressant effect of ketamine. Thus, this review describes the role of mTOR signaling in the pathophysiology of depression and developing a new treatment target of depression.
Depression* ; Ketamine ; Neurobiology ; Sirolimus*

With the structural and functional neuroimaging studies on alcohol use disorders, the neurobiology of alcohol use disorder can now be directly measured in vivo. This article reviews the findings of structural and functional neuroimaging studies related to alcohol use disorder. Issues about intoxication, dependence, withdrawal, abstinence, organic change induced by chronic alcohol use, neurochemistry and craving are discussed and its clinical implications and future direction of neuroimaging studies are also suggested.
Functional Neuroimaging ; Neurobiology ; Neurochemistry ; Neuroimaging*

A large proportion of patients with schizophrenia show a poor response to first-line antipsychotic drugs, which is termed treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Previous studies found that a different neurobiology might underlie treatment-resistant schizophrenia, which necessitates the development of different therapeutic approaches for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia. This study reviewed previous studies on the pathophysiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and the pharmacological intervention, and forthcoming investigations of treatment-resistant schizophrenia are suggested.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Humans ; Neurobiology ; Schizophrenia*

Stress and trauma research has traditionally focused on negative sequelae of adversity. Recently, research has begun to focus on positive outcomes, specifically post-traumatic growth (PTG) - "positive change experienced as a result of the struggle with trauma" - which emphasizes the transformative potential of one's experiences with highly stressful events and circumstances. This article describes the concept of PTG at three different perspectives. In addition we reviewed the neurobiological factors and mechanism of PTG. It has shown that PTG is mediated by adaptive changes in several neural circuits involving numerous neurotransmitter and molecular pathways. Much more study is required to achieve a deeper understanding the biological and psychological underpinnings of PTG, as well as the interactions between these factors. After all, the clinical phenomenology of PTG is very important for mental growth after trauma. The findings of this article provide further directions for research and clinical implication of PTG.
Fertilization* ; Life Change Events ; Neurobiology* ; Neurotransmitter Agents

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive compulsive and related disorders are a collection of debilitating psychiatric disorders in which the role of glutamate dysfunction in the underpinning neurobiology is becoming well established. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a glutamate modulator with promising therapeutic effect. This paper presents a systematic review of clinical trials and case reports exploring the use of NAC for these disorders. A further objective was to detail the methodology of current clinical trials being conducted in the area. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library Database were searched for human clinical trials or case reports investigating NAC in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or obsessive compulsive related disorders. Researchers with known involvement in NAC studies were contacted for any unpublished data. RESULTS: Four clinical trials and five case reports/series were identified. Study durations were commonly 12-weeks, using 2,400-3,000 mg/day of NAC. Overall, NAC demonstrates activity in reducing the severity of symptoms, with a good tolerability profile and minimal adverse effects. Currently there are three ongoing randomized controlled trials using NAC for OCD (two adults and one pediatric), and one for excoriation. CONCLUSION: Encouraging results have been demonstrated from the few pilot studies that have been conducted. These results are detailed, in addition to a discussion of future potential research.
Adult ; Cysteine* ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; Neurobiology ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Panic disorder is a common mental disorder that causes considerable disability. However, the etiology of panic disorder remains unclear. Preclinical neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies have provided clues to the neurobiological basis of panic disorder, and recent developments in neurobiological techniques in neurochemical research, brain imaging, and genetic research provide a further understanding of anxiety, fear, and panic disorder. In this article, we introduce a functional neuroanatomic model of fear and anxiety, and consider the implications of recent developments and debates in neurobiological findings with respect to panic disorder.
Anxiety ; Genetic Research ; Mental Disorders ; Neurobiology ; Neuroimaging ; Panic ; Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is a common mental disorder that causes considerable disability. However, the etiology of panic disorder remains unclear. Preclinical neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies have provided clues to the neurobiological basis of panic disorder, and recent developments in neurobiological techniques in neurochemical research, brain imaging, and genetic research provide a further understanding of anxiety, fear, and panic disorder. In this article, we introduce a functional neuroanatomic model of fear and anxiety, and consider the implications of recent developments and debates in neurobiological findings with respect to panic disorder.
Anxiety ; Genetic Research ; Mental Disorders ; Neurobiology ; Neuroimaging ; Panic ; Panic Disorder