Central Nervous System Diseases ; complications ; Humans ; Pulmonary Edema ; etiology

A wide variety of neurologic complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection result from HIV-1 itself or secondarily related to immunosuppression. In Korea, the number of HIV-1 seropositive populations is increasing, but little has been known about the neurologic complications of HIV-1 infection. To investigate the neurologic complications in HIV-1 infected Korean patients, we performed a cross-sectional study in consecutive admissions to the Seoul National University Hospital between March 1998 and June 1999. Thirty-four HIV-1 seropositive patients were included. As a result, a total of 26 HIV-1 related neurologic complications were identified from 17 patients. Among them, 10 patients showed cognitive/motor abnormalities: 3 HIV-1-associated dementia and 7 possible HIV-1-associated minor cognitive/motor disorder. Neuromuscular complications were found in 10 patients: 9 distal symmetric polyneuropathy, and 1 possible chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. In 3 patients with focal brain lesions, 2 were presumptively diagnosed as having primary CNS lymphoma, and 1 as having progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the posterior fossa, based on history, clinical findings, serology, radiological appearances, and response to empirical therapy. Other complications included cryptococcal meningitis and only soft neurologic signs without any neurologic disease. Most of these complications (88%) occurred in the advanced stage of infection.
Adult ; Brain/pathology ; HIV Infections/complications* ; HIV Seropositivity ; HIV-1* ; Human ; Korea ; Male ; Nervous System Diseases/etiology* ; Nervous System Diseases/pathology ; Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology

Hyponatremia is relatively common in patients with neurologic disorders, while its diagnosis and treatment remain controversial. Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) has shown to be closely associated with hyponatremia. ODS patients often present as central pontine myelinolysis, extrapontine myelinolysis, or both. This article reviews the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and risk factors of ODS in patients with hyponatremia caused by neurologic disorders.
Demyelinating Diseases ; etiology ; therapy ; Humans ; Hyponatremia ; complications ; etiology ; Nervous System Diseases ; complications

Mitophagy is a process during which the cell selectively removes the mitochondria via the mechanism of autophagy. It is crucial to the functional completeness of the whole mitochondrial network and determines cell survival and death. On the one hand, the damaged mitochondria releases pro-apoptotic factors which induce cell apoptosis; on the other hand, the damaged mitochondria eliminates itself via autophagy, which helps to maintain cell viability. Mitophagy is of vital importance for the development and function of the nervous system. Neural cells rely on autophagy to control protein quality and eliminate the damaged mitochondria, and under normal circumstances, mitophagy can protect the neural cells. Mutations in genes related to mitophagy may cause the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. An understanding of the role of mitophagy in nervous system diseases may provide new theoretical bases for clinical treatment. This article reviews the research advances in the relationship between mitophagy and different types of nervous system diseases.
Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; physiology ; Humans ; Mitochondrial Degradation ; Nervous System Diseases ; etiology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; etiology

Sleep deprivation (SD) has been associated with an increased morbidity and mortality of coronary heart disease (CHD). SD could induce autonomic nervous dysfunction, hypertension, arrhythmia, hormonal dysregulation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and metabolic disorder in CHD patients. This paper reviewed the study results of SD in clinical trials and animal experiments and concluded that SD was associated with cardiovascular risk factors, which aggravated CHD in pathogenesis and outcomes.
Autonomic Nervous System Diseases ; etiology ; Coronary Artery Disease ; etiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; etiology ; Metabolic Diseases ; etiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Sleep Deprivation ; complications

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamic Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Hypoventilation ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Obesity ; complications ; psychology

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, resting tremor, and progressive rigidity. More recently, non-motor symptoms of PD, such as pain, depression and anxiety, and autonomic dysfunction, have attracted increasing attention from scientists and clinicians. As one of non-motor symptoms, pain has high prevalence and early onset feature. Because the mechanism of PD-related pathological pain is unclear, the clinical therapy for treating PD-related pathological pain is very limited, with a focus on relieving the symptoms. This paper reviewed the clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies of PD-related pathological pain and discussed the mechanism of the chronicity of PD-related pathological pain, hoping to provide useful data for the study of drugs and clinical intervention for PD-related pathological pain.
Humans ; Parkinson Disease/therapy* ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/complications* ; Anxiety ; Pain/etiology*

Aluminum ; toxicity ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Occupational Exposure ; Occupational Health ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology

Cryoglobulinemia ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Serologic Tests ; Syphilis ; diagnosis

Adult ; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Hypotension ; etiology ; Severe Dengue ; complications