Neurological diseases are a major health concern, and brain injury is a typical pathological process in various neurological disorders. Different biomarkers in the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid are associated with specific physiological and pathological processes. They are vital in identifying, diagnosing, and treating brain injuries. In this review, we described biomarkers for neuronal cell body injury (neuron-specific enolase, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, αII-spectrin), axonal injury (neurofilament proteins, tau), astrocyte injury (S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein), demyelination (myelin basic protein), autoantibodies, and other emerging biomarkers (extracellular vesicles, microRNAs). We aimed to summarize the applications of these biomarkers and their related interests and limits in the diagnosis and prognosis for neurological diseases, including traumatic brain injury, status epilepticus, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and infection. In addition, a reasonable outlook for brain injury biomarkers as ideal detection tools for neurological diseases is presented.
Humans ; Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis* ; Brain Injuries/metabolism* ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/blood* ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit/blood* ; tau Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/blood* ; Myelin Basic Protein/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Neurofilament Proteins/blood* ; MicroRNAs/blood* ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism*

With the high incidence of neurological diseases such as stroke and mental illness, rehabilitation treatments for neurological disorders have received widespread attention. Electroencephalography (EEG) technology, despite its excellent temporal resolution, has historically been limited in application due to its insufficient spatial resolution, and is mainly confined to preoperative assessment, intraoperative monitoring, and epilepsy detection. However, traditional constraints of EEG technology are being overcome with the popularization of EEG technology with high-density over 64-lead, the application of innovative analysis techniques and the integration of multimodal techniques, which are significantly broadening its applications in clinical settings. These advancements have not only reinforced the irreplaceable role of EEG technology in neurorehabilitation assessment, but also expanded its therapeutic potential through its combined use with technologies such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation and brain-computer interfaces. This article reviewed the applications, advancements, and future prospects of EEG technology in neurorehabilitation assessment and treatment. Advancements in technology and interdisciplinary collaboration are expected to drive new applications and innovations in EEG technology within the neurorehabilitation field, providing patients with more precise and personalized rehabilitation strategies.
Humans ; Electroencephalography/methods* ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Neurological Rehabilitation/methods* ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ; Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis* ; Epilepsy/diagnosis*

OBJECTIVES: To study the characteristics of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the factors influencing the development of VIPN. METHODS: The children with ALL, aged 1-18 years, who were treated with CCCG-ALL2015 or CCCG-ALL2020 regimen in the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from January 2018 to February 2022 were enrolled as subjects. According to the influence of age on risk, the children were divided into 1-10 years group with 91 children and >10 years group with 29 children. VIPN was graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (5th edition), and the incidence rate, severity, and type of VIPN were compared between different groups. RESULTS: A total of 120 children were enrolled in this study, among whom 56 (46.7%) developed VIPN. The >10 years group had a significantly higher incidence rate of VIPN than the 1-10 years group (69% vs 40%, P<0.05). Among the 56 children with VIPN, 12 (21%) had grade 3 VIPN or above, and 44 (79%) had grade 2 VIPN. There were 77 cases of autonomic nerve symptoms (59.7%), 42 cases of peripheral nerve injury (32.5%), and 10 cases of cranial nerve injury (7.8%). There were no significant differences in the severity and type of VIPN between the groups with different ages, sexes, degrees of risk, or treatment regimens (P>0.05). The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that age is the influencing factor for the occurrence of VIPN (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a relatively high incidence rate of VIPN in children with ALL, with the highest incidence rate of autonomic nervous symptoms. The incidence of VIP in children over 10 years old is relatively high.
Child ; Humans ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/adverse effects* ; Cohort Studies ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis* ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy* ; Vincristine/adverse effects* ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for the diagnosis of fetuses with anomalies of the central nervous system (CNS) and summarize the outcome of the pregnancies and follow-up. METHODS: A total of 636 fetuses from June 2014 to December 2020 who were referred to the Prenatal Diagnosis Center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital due to abnormal CNS prompted by ultrasound were selected as the research subjects. Based on the ultrasound findings, the fetuses were divided into ventricular dilatation group (n = 441), choroid plexus cyst group (n = 41), enlarged posterior fossa group (n = 42), holoprosencephaly group (n = 15), corpus callosum hypoplasia group (n = 22), and other anomaly group (n = 75). Meanwhile, they were also divided into isolated (n = 504) and non-isolated (n = 132) groups based on the presence of additional abnormalities. Prenatal samples (amniotic fluid/chorionic villi/umbilical cord blood) or abortus tissue were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA and CMA assay. Outcome of the pregnancies and postnatal follow-up were summarized and subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: In total 636 fetuses with CNS anomalies (including 89 abortus tissues) were included, and 547 cases were followed up. The overall detection rate of CMA was 11.48% (73/636). The detection rates for the holoprosencephaly group, ACC group, choroid plexus cyst group, enlarged posterior fossa group, ventricular dilatation group and other anomaly group were 80% (12/15), 31.82% (7/22), 19.51% (8/41), 14.29% (6/42), 7.48% (33/441) and 9.33% (7/75), respectively. Compared with the isolated CNS anomaly group, the detection rate for the non-isolated CNS anomaly group was significantly higher (6.35% vs. 31.06%) (32/504 vs. 41/132) (χ² = 62.867, P < 0.001). Follow up showed that, for 52 fetuses with abnormal CMA results, 51 couples have opted induced labor, whilst 1 was delivered at full term with normal growth and development. Of the 434 fetuses with normal CMA results, 377 were delivered at full term (6 had developmental delay), and 57 couples had opted induced labor. The rate of adverse pregnancy outcome for non-isolated CNS abnormal fetuses was significantly higher than that of isolated CNS abnormal fetuses (26.56% vs. 10.54%) (17/64 vs. 39/370) (χ² = 12.463, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Fetuses with CNS anomaly should be tested with CMA to determine the genetic cause. Most fetuses with negative CMA result have a good prognosis, but there is still a possibility for a abnormal neurological phenotype. Fetuses with CNS abnormalities in conjunct with other structural abnormalities are at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Holoprosencephaly ; Prenatal Diagnosis/methods* ; Central Nervous System ; Fetus/abnormalities* ; Nervous System Malformations/genetics* ; Microarray Analysis ; Central Nervous System Diseases ; Cysts ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods*

Child ; Humans ; Encephalitis/therapy* ; Hashimoto Disease/therapy* ; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System/diagnosis*

Objective To analyze the disease spectrum and clinicopathological characteristics of central nervous system(CNS)diseases diagnosed based on pathological findings in Tibet. Methods We collected the data of all the cases with CNS lesions in Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital from January 2013 to December 2020.The clinicopathological features were analyzed via light microscopy,immunohistochemical staining,and special staining. Results A total of 383 CNS cases confirmed by pathological diagnosis were enrolled in this study,with a male-to-female ratio of 188∶195 and an average age of(40.03±17.39)years(0-74 years).Among them,127(33.2%)cases had non-neoplastic diseases,with a male-to-female ratio of 82∶45 and an average age of(31.99±19.29)years;256(66.8%)cases had neoplastic diseases,with a male-to-female ratio of 106∶150 and an average age of(44.01±14.87)years.The main non-neoplastic diseases were nervous system infectious diseases,cerebral vascular diseases,meningocele,cerebral cyst,and brain trauma.Among the infectious diseases,brain abscess,granulomatous inflammation,cysticercosis,and hydatidosis were common.The main neoplastic diseases included meningioma,pituitary adenoma,neuroepithelial tumor,schwannoma,metastatic tumor,and hemangioblastoma.The meningioma cases consisted of 95.4%(103/108)cases of grade Ⅰ,3.7%(4/108)cases of grade Ⅱ,and only 1(1/108,0.9%)case of grade Ⅲ.Among the neuroepithelial tumor cases,the top three were glioblastoma,grade Ⅲ diffuse glioma,and ependymoma. Conclusions There are diverse CNS diseases confirmed by pathological diagnosis in Tibet,among which non-neoplastic diseases account for 1/3 of all the cases.Infectious and vascular diseases are the most common non-neoplastic diseases in Tibet,and tuberculosis and parasitic infections are relatively common.The types and proportion of brain tumors in Tibet are different from those in other regions of China,and meningioma is the most common in Tibet,with higher proportion than neuroepithelial tumor.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Central Nervous System Diseases/pathology* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Ependymoma ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Meningeal Neoplasms ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Tibet/epidemiology* ; Young Adult

Objective: To investigate the implementation of Diagnostic Criteria of Occupational Acute Neurotoxic Diseases Caused by Chemicals (GBZ 76-2002) for accumulating basis of standard revision. Methods: In February 2020, 85 experts in occupational diseases and neurology from 39 medical and health institutions were selected as the respondents. The modified Delphi method was used to establish the standard evaluation index system and special group was organized for discussing the pre-survey and completing the questionnaire survey. Questionnaire survey was performed to investigate the grasp of the standards, application and modification suggestions of respondents. Results: The respondents' mastery of standard-related knowledge mainly came from work experience (84.7%, 72/85) , standard learning (81.2%, 69/85) and training (75.3%, 64/85) . Among the institutions in which the respondents worked, 98.8% (84/85) could carry out CT examinations, 96.5% (82/85) could carry out nerve conduction velocity and electromyography examinations, 89.4% (76/85) could carry out EEG examinations, 80% (68/85) could carry out evoked potential examinations and 72.9% (62/85) could carry out MRI examinations. Among the toxicants diagnosed as occupational acute toxic myelopathy, 10.6% (9/85) were organic phosphorus and 9.4% (8/85) were asphyxiating gas; Among the toxicants diagnosed as delayed peripheral neuropathy, pesticides accounted for 25.9% (22/85) and asphyxiating gases accounted for 12.9% (11/85) . 85.9% (73/85) of the respondents believed that the basis for the classification of acute toxic encephalopathy needed to supplement objective evidence; 80.0% (68/85) of the respondents thought that the diagnosis and classification of peripheral neuropathy should be refined according to the abnormal indexes of neuroelectromyography. Conclusion: The applicability of the criteria needs to be improved because the current criteria has a long application cycle without enough objective investigation bases in classification criteria index.
Humans ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects* ; Occupational Diseases/diagnosis* ; Hazardous Substances ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes/diagnosis* ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

Since December 2019, a series of highly infectious cases of unexplained pneumonia have been discovered in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which have been confirmed as '2019 corona virus disease' caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 virus can invade many human systems including the lungs. Patients with central nervous system involvement may show a series of neurological symptoms, which is easy to be misdiagnosed and neglected, thereby increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Hereditary ataxia is a large group of neurodegenerative diseases with great clinical and genetic heterogeneity and high mortality and disability. In view of the seriousness of the COVID-19 epidemic, a series of prevention and control measures adopted by the government have restricted the follow-up, diagnosis and treatment of patients by the hospitals, which has a great impact on their mental and physical health. In order to standardize the management of patients during the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic, the Specialized Committee of Neurogenetics of the Neurophysician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association has formulated this consensus, with an aim to help patients to overcome the difficulties and pass the epidemic prevention period safely.
Betacoronavirus ; China ; epidemiology ; Consensus ; Coronavirus Infections ; complications ; epidemiology ; Epidemics ; Health Status ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Nervous System Diseases ; virology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; complications ; epidemiology ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations ; complications ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; therapy

Cysticercosis, a parasitic disease caused by Taenia solium metacestode (TsM), has a major global public health impact in terms of disability-adjusted life years. The parasite preferentially infects subcutaneous tissue, but may invade the central nervous system, resulting in neurocysticercosis (NC). NC is an important neglected tropical disease and an emerging disease in industrialized countries due to immigration from endemic areas. The prevalence of taeniasis in Korea declined from 0.3%–12.7% during the 1970s to below 0.02% since the 2000s. A survey conducted from 1993 to 2006 revealed that the percentage of tested samples with high levels of specific anti-TsM antibody declined from 8.3% to 2.2%, suggesting the continuing occurrence of NC in Korea. Modern imaging modalities have substantially improved the diagnostic accuracy of NC, and recent advances in the molecular biochemical characterization of the TsM cyst fluid proteome also significantly strengthened NC serodiagnosis. Two glycoproteins of 150 and 120 kDa that induce strong antibody responses against sera from patients with active-stage NC have been elucidated. The 150 kDa protein showed hydrophobic-ligand binding activities and might be critically involved in the acquisition of host-derived lipid molecules. Fasciclin and endophilin B1, both of which play roles in the homeostatic functions of TsM, showed fairly high antibody responses against calcified NC cases. NC is now controllable and manageable. Further studies should focus on controlling late-onset intractable seizures and serological diagnosis of NC patients infected with few worms. This article briefly overviews diagnostic approaches and discusses current issues relating to NC serodiagnosis.
Antibody Formation ; Central Nervous System ; Cyst Fluid ; Cysticercosis ; Developed Countries ; Diagnosis ; Emigration and Immigration ; Glycoproteins ; Humans ; Immunologic Tests ; Korea ; Neurocysticercosis ; Parasites ; Parasitic Diseases ; Prevalence ; Proteome ; Public Health ; Republic of Korea ; Seizures ; Serologic Tests ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Taenia solium ; Taenia ; Taeniasis

PURPOSE: To assess the urodynamic findings in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) with overactive bladder symptoms. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all PD patients who were seen in an outpatient clinic for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) between 2010 and 2017 in a single-institution. Only patients who complained of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and underwent a video-urodynamic study for these symptoms were included. We excluded patients with neurological disorders other than PD and patients with voiding LUTS but without OAB symptoms. RESULTS: We included 42 patients (29 men, 13 women, 74.5±8.1 years old). Seven patients (16.7%) had a postvoid residual (PVR) bladder volume >100 mL and only one reported incomplete bladder emptying. Detrusor overactivity (DO) was found in all 42 patients (100%) and was terminal in 19 (45.2%) and phasic in 22 patients (52.4%). Eighteen patients had detrusor underactivity (DU) (42.3%). Later age of PD diagnosis was the only parameter associated with DU (P=0.02). Patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) were younger than patients without BOO (70.1 years vs. 76.5 years, P=0.004), had later first sensation of bladder filling (173.5 mL vs. 120.3 mL, P=0.02) and first involuntary detrusor contraction (226.4 mL vs. 130.4 mL, P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: DO is almost universal in all patients with PD complaining of OAB symptoms (97.1%). However, a significant percentage of patients also had BOO (36.8%), DU (47%), and increased PVR (16.7%) indicating that neurogenic DO may not be the only cause of OAB symptoms in PD patients.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms ; Male ; Nervous System Diseases ; Parkinson Disease ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensation ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urodynamics