Humans ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; complications ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; complications ; Young Adult

Cytomegalovirus Infections ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; etiology

Epilepsy ; etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; complications ; congenital

Protein S is found in two forms in plasma; as free and functionally active protein S, and complexed to C4b-binding protein. Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at risk for arterial and venous thrombosis at various localizations, and acquired protein S deficiency due to the selective urinary loss of the free form may be a risk factor for the development of thromboembolic complications. We report a case of cerebral arterial thrombosis associated with decreased level of free protein S antigen (44%) in a 39-year-old female patient with nephrotic syndrome.
Adult ; Case Report ; Female ; Human ; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis/*etiology ; Nephrotic Syndrome/*complications ; Protein S Deficiency/*complications

The thromboembolic complications of nephrotic syndrome are reasonably common, including spontaneous peripheral venous and/or arterial, pulmonary arterial, and renal venous occlusions. However, in comparison to the relatively high incidence of the venous thromboembolic complications with hypercoagulable status, arterial thromboses have been reported much less and it was only 20 cases in the English literature so far. Furthermore, the most cases were pediatric patients rather than adults. Therefore, this report describes an adult nephrotic cases complicated by superior mesenteric artery thrombosis leading to death via catastrophic hospital course. Also, we reviewed the literature in English regarding cases of arterial thromboses in adult nephrotic patients with special interest to locations of thrombosis, underlying histopathologic types of glomerulopathy, and use of steroids or diuretics before its development.
Humans ; Male ; *Mesenteric Artery, Superior ; Middle Aged ; Nephrotic Syndrome/*complications ; Thrombosis/*etiology

Arterial thrombosis is relatively rare compared with venous thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome. However, the assessment of its pathogenesis and risk factors in individual patient with nephrotic syndrome is necessary to allow appropriate prophylactic management because it is a potentially serious problem. Hereby, with review of the literature, we report a case of a 53 yr-old man with cerebral infarction associated with nephrotic syndrome due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis during the course of treatments with diuretics and steroid. It reveals that the hypercoagulable state in nephrotic syndrome can be associated with cerebral infarction in adults. Prophylactic anticoagulants can be considered to reduce the risk of serious cerebral infarction in nephrotic patients with risk factors such as severe hypoalbuminemia and on diuretics or steroid treatment, even in young patients regardless of types of underlying glomerular diseases.
Cerebral Infarction/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology ; Human ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrotic Syndrome/*complications/epidemiology ; Risk Factors

Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; congenital ; Syphilis, Congenital ; complications ; diagnosis ; drug therapy

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Lower Extremity ; blood supply ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; complications ; Thrombosis ; etiology

To explore the risk factors of acute kidney injury(AKI)in adult primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS). Totally 185 patients with PNS were divided into AKI group(=51)and non-AKI group(=134).The demographic data and clinical and histological features at admission were compared between the two groups.The independent risk factors for AKI were evaluated by Logistics regression analysis. In 51 PNS patients with AKI,the common pathological types of AKI included minor glomerular abnormalities(29.4%),IgA nephropathy(25.5%),and membranous nephropathy(17.6%).The incidences of renal tubular casts and epithelial vacuoles in the AKI group were significantly higher than those in the non-AKI group(=0.004,=0.030).Males were more likely to suffer from AKI than females(=0.000).Patients in AKI group had significantly lower albumin level(=0.015)and higher levels of random urine protein,serum creatinine,uric acid,urea nitrogen,and triglyceride than non-AKI group(=0.030,=0.000,=0.000,=0.000,and =0.006),and polyserous and oliguria occurred more often in the AKI group(=0.000,=0.002).The AKI group had significantly higher incidences of high blood pressure and infections(=0.035,=0.000).Multivariate logistics regression analysis showed albumin(<25 g/L),serum creatinine(>96 μmol/L),urea nitrogen(≥6.8 mmol/L),uric acid(≥400 μmol/L),diabetes,infection,and renal tubular casts were the independent risk factors for AKI. AKI complicating PNS is associated with a variety of factors.Its independent risk factors include the levles of albumin,serum creatinine,urea nitrogen,and uric acid,diabetes,infections,and renal tubular casts.
Acute Kidney Injury ; etiology ; Adult ; Creatinine ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; complications ; Risk Factors

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mycoses ; blood ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; blood ; complications ; beta-Glucans ; blood