The authors violated the publication ethics by their dual submission and publication. The editorial board of the epiH decided to retract this paper from our journal.
Brucellosis* ; Ethics ; Nepal* ; Publications

The authors violated the publication ethics by their dual submission and publication. The editorial board of the epiH decided to retract this paper from our journal.
Brucellosis ; Ethics ; Nepal ; Publications

No abstract available.
Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Nepal

The present study was carried out to explore the Cordyceps species and other entomopathogenic fungal flora around Kathmandu Valley and a few high altitude locations of Nepal. In this paper, we report eight Cordyceps species as new to Nepal: C. gracilis, C. ishikariensis, C. liangshanensis, C. martialis, C. militaris, C. pruinosa, C. sphecocephala and C. tricentri. We also mention a few allied genera such as Beauveria, Hirsutella and Paecilomyces from Nepal. Further collections from different ecological regions of Nepal will show the richness of entomopathogenic fungal floral diversity of Nepal.
Altitude ; Beauveria ; Cordyceps* ; Nepal* ; Paecilomyces

No abstract available.
Communicable Diseases ; Nepal ; Poverty Areas

BACKGROUND"Vision 2020" was initiated in 1999 and many relevant activities are ongoing, but little information is available on what it has achieved and what constraints it faces. It is not yet clear if funding is the most important constraint. Nepal is one of the underdeveloped countries, but an advanced country in preventing avoidable blindness. The aim of this study was to compare the situation in China and in Nepal in prevention of avoidable blindness.

METHODSData from literature review and a field visit were combined. All statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS Version 11.5. The chi-square test was used for comparisons involving categorical variables.

RESULTSThe blindness rate is higher in Nepal than that in China (P < 0.05). The average number of cataract operations performed by one ophthalmologist is much lower in China than in Nepal. The cataract surgical rate (CSR) is much lower in China than in Nepal (P < 0.001). High cost of the surgery and inadequate qualifications of human resources were found in China. Cataract surgical outcome in China compared well with international standards.

CONCLUSIONSProgress towards the "Vision 2020" target in China is much slower than that in Nepal. Further attention to address this issue is urgently needed.

Over half the world’s population is exposed daily to very high levels of household air pollutants arising from burning biomass fuels; however the effects of these pollutants on cardiovascular health have not been fully established. This study aimed to compare the relationship between household indoor and outdoor air pollution with cardiovascular health in biomass and non-biomass exposed group. To compare the relationship between household indoor and outdoor air pollution with cardiovascular health in biomass and non-biomass exposed group. This cross-sectional study compared parameters of cardiovascular health in populations exposed to household indoor pollutants from biomass burning and non-biomass respectively among adults in Nepal. Data using an interviewer administered questionnaire including chest pain, blood pressure measurements and real-time measurements of household and ambient airborne particulate (PM2.5) concentrations were collected. Rural dwellers cooking with biomass fuels reported significantly more chest pain on exertion compared with non-biomass fuel users. 24-hour direct PM2.5 and CO measurements were not associated with changes in blood pressure as was the case for other measures of airborne particulate exposure except outdoor PM2.5 with men in non-biomass using households. Ambient temperature and seasonality was negatively associated with increase in blood pressure. The prevalence of both systolic (21% vs. 6%, p<0.001) and diastolic (32% vs. 7%, p<0.001) hypertension was higher amongst non-biomass fuel users compared with biomass users. There was no association between 24-hour real-time airborne pollutants data from biomass smoke and cardiovascular health effects but significantly more chest pain on exertion was found in those exposed to smoke from biomass fuel burning. Urban dwellers in Nepal were found to have higher blood pressure compared to rural dwellers, which was associated with their higher BMI levels and seasonality.
Air Pollution, Indoor ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Blood Pressure ; Hypertension ; Risk ; Nepal

PURPOSE: Malaria has been one of a major infectious parasitic disease in Nepal. Although the number of cases is gradually getting declined since last decade. Therefore, study aims to identify the trends and spatial patterns of malaria among 25 risk districts of Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study utilized the secondary data of malaria cases from the annual reports (2001–2017) of Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population of Nepal. Linear regression of log-transformed incidence rates model was used for assessing variation of malaria cases for year and districts. RESULTS: There was evidence of decrease in the trend of malaria (2001–2009); however, the upward trend was revealed in 2010, after that, it starts to decline and again in 2017, it started to grow up. The malaria cases were marked variations by location with higher rates occurring in Dadeldhura, Kanchanpur, Kailali, Bardiya, and Jhapa districts, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this regards, malaria cases are still causing the threat in the Terai district of Nepal; however, there were fluctuating patterns of disease noted during the study periods.
Health Services ; Incidence ; Linear Models ; Malaria* ; Nepal* ; Parasitic Diseases

This study was conducted to observe the relationship between diet and blood pressure for Korean(kangwha) and Nepali adolescents. 542 middle school students in Korea and 159 students in Nepal in the same age(14-15yr) group were investigated as the study subjects. Data for blood pressure as well as weight and diet were collected for the analysis. multiple regression analysis was employed to identify the influencing factors among the variables considered. As the results, the mean body weight of body weight of boys and girls in Kangwha was 54.5Kg, 50.6Kg which was 17Kg and 10Kg heavier than the weight of the Nepal students. Dietary survey result showed that there was no big difference in energy intake in Kangwha and Nepal students., Mean energy intake of Kangwha boys was 2,848kcal and that of Nepal boys was 2,720 kcal. The similar result showed significantly lower intake in other nutreints than that of Kangwha subjects whose consumption level was close to the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. The result of multiple regression analysis showed that weight was the greatest influencing factor on blood pressure both in Kangwha and in Nepal subjects. Nevertheless, after controlling the weight factor, there were axxociations observed between diet and blood pressure. And the relationship was stronger in case of Nepal than in Kangwha.
Adolescent* ; Blood Pressure* ; Body Weight ; Diet* ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Nepal* ; Recommended Dietary Allowances

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) affects the morbidity and mortality of inpatients worldwide. Nepal is a developing country in which HAIs pose a major problem in terms of patient safety. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the level of knowledge and attitude toward HAIs and compliance for infection control among nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire including general characteristics, and knowledge of, attitude toward, and compliance with HAI control practices, on a sample of 259 nurses from 11 hospitals in 3 cities in Nepal, from July 17 to August 5, 2014. RESULTS: The average score on knowledge of HAI was 6.56, on a 13-point scale. In total, 59 nurses had undergone HAI control training and 211 nurses reported that they were governed by some guidelines, but there were no significant differences. The overall level of compliance with HAI control guidelines was 79.2 points based on a 100-point scale, which did not differ in terms of age, exposure to infection control training, and the presence of any guidelines. CONCLUSION: The level of knowledge of HAI control among nurses was very low and a majority had never undergone any HAI control training. Evidently, there is an urgent need to provide HAI control training to nurses, and to develop infrastructure to provide training for them.
Compliance* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Developing Countries ; Humans ; Infection Control* ; Inpatients ; Mortality ; Nepal* ; Patient Safety