The protein encoded by TXNDC5 is a member the protein disulfide isomerase family, which has disulfide isomerase activity and can act as the molecular chaperone to reduce the synthesis of abnormal proteins. Its biological functions include anti-oxidation, promoting angiogenesis, taking part in cellular inflammation, and energy metabolism, etc. Studies have demonstrated that the expression of TXNDC5 is increased in many types of tumors including cervical carcinoma, gastric carcinoma and colorectal cancer. Moreover, TXNDC5 is also closely associated with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, hepatic steatosis and vitiligo. This paper aims to summarize the latest progress in research on TXNDC5 in terms of biochemical function, relationship with diseases and the underlying mechanism.
Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; enzymology ; genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus ; enzymology ; genetics ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics ; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases ; genetics

Aging ; genetics ; metabolism ; Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Longevity ; genetics ; physiology ; Neoplasms ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Obesity ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Sirtuins ; genetics ; metabolism

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%-85% of all patients with lung cancer, the majority of patients with lung cancer at the time of diagnosis is in the advanced stage. The development of target therapy based on has changed the mode of treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC. In NSCLC, epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (EGFR) fusion with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) has been shown to be a powerful biomarker. It is well known that KRAS is also NSCLC one of the most common mutations in oncogenes, although more than 20 years ago KRAS mutation was found in NSCLC. At present, although there are many drugs used to treat NSCLC patients with KRAS mutation, there is no selective or specific inhibitor for the direct elimination of KRAS activity. NSCLC patients with KRAS mutation have poor responsiveness to most systemic therapy. However, individualized therapy for activated signaling pathways with targeted drugs has a good effect on the prognosis of NSCLC patients with KRAS mutation. In addition, the prognostic and predictive role of KRAS mutation in NSCLC remains unclear. In this review, we focus on the research progress of NSCLC with KRAS mutation, including molecular biology, clinicopathological features, prognosis and prediction of KRAS mutation, which will help to improve the understanding of NSCLC in KRAS mutation.
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Animals ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; enzymology ; genetics ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics ; Mutation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo provide a summary of the relationship between the eEF-2/eEF-2 kinase pathway and each phase of malignant neoplasms. The speci?c importance of this relationship in understanding and treating cancer was also explored.

DATA SOURCESThe data used in this review were mainly obtained from the articles listed in HighWire and PubMed in English. The search terms were "eEF-2 kinase", "oncogenesis", and "tumor progression".

STUDY SELECTIONThis review relates the observation that the overexpression of eEF-2 kinase is seen in cancer, and highlights that it has emerged as promoting the development of many malignant phenotypes when unregulated. This includes increasing the replicative potential of cells, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and evasion of apoptosis.

RESULTSeEF-2 kinase is a structurally and functionally unique protein kinase. The increased activity of this protein in cancer cells is a protective mechanism to allow tumor growth and evolution, and resist cell death through the eEF-2/eEF-2 kinase pathway, but it also makes a potential target for therapy.

CONCLUSIONeEF-2 kinase fills critical niches in the life of a cancer cell and the eEF-2/eEF-2 kinase pathway is a key biochemical sensor.

Apoptosis ; genetics ; physiology ; Elongation Factor 2 Kinase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of telomerase in various lesions of adrenal cortex.

METHODSBy autoradiography-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol, telomerase expression was detected in 36 samples of adrenocortical lesions, including 29 cases adrenocortical adenoma (8 Cushing's syndrome, 17 aldosteronism and 4 nonfunctional adenomas), 5 cases of hyperplasia of adrenal cortex (presented with Chushing' syndrome), 2 cases adrenocortical carcinoma, and 4 samples of normal adrenal cortex.

RESULTSOf the 40 samples, 2 cases of adrenocortical carcinomas had telomerase expression, and the others had no telomerase expression detected.

CONCLUSIONSNo significant telomerase expression was found among different endocrine functional benign adrenocortical lesions. Telomerase expression may be used as an important marker of malignant adrenocortical tumor.

Adrenal Cortex ; enzymology ; Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms ; enzymology ; Adrenocortical Adenoma ; enzymology ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Cushing Syndrome ; enzymology ; Humans ; Telomerase ; analysis ; biosynthesis ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the alteration in GGT mRNA expression and the development of HCC.

METHODSThree GGT mRNA types (F, H, and P) in normal liver tissues, diseased liver tissues without HCC, cancerous and noncancerous tissues from livers with HCC, and noncancerous tissues from livers with metastatic tumor were tested by RT-PCR.

RESULTSIn normal livers, the main type of GGT mRNA was type F. In liver diseases but not HCC, the distribution of the type GGT mRNA was nearly the same as in normal livers. The prevalence of type H was significantly higher in both cancerous and noncancerous tissues of livers with HCC than in livers without HCC (P<0.05). The prevalence of type F in cancerous tissues was significantly lower than that in livers without HCC (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe GGT mRNA expression in the human liver will shift from type F to type H during the development of HCC. The fragment analysis of GGT genes may be a sensitive assay to detect hepatic cell canceration.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Humans ; Liver ; enzymology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Liver Diseases ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Liver Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo detect the expression of a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 8 and 12 gene in the giant cell lesions of jaw and to study their effects on the histogenesis of cells in these lesions.

METHODSADAM8 and ADAM12 was detected by immunohistochemistry (SP) in 40 paraffin-embedded specimens of central giant cell lesions of jaw, 10 peripheral giant cell lesions, 9 cherubisms, 6 aneurysmal bone cysts.

RESULTSADAM8 and ADAM12 were positive in the cytomembrane and cytoplasm of all multinucleated giant cells and some round mononuclear cells of the lesions; ADAM12 was positive for some spindle mononuclear stromal cells in central and peripheral giant cell lesions.

CONCLUSIONSMultinucleated giant cells probably originated from the fusion of the round mononuclear cells, and ADAM8 and ADAM12 were involved in this process. In addition, ADAM12 might play a role in the maturation of spindle mononuclear stromal cells.

ADAM Proteins ; ADAM12 Protein ; Antigens, CD ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Giant Cell Tumor of Bone ; enzymology ; genetics ; Humans ; Jaw Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics ; Maxillary Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics ; Membrane Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Metalloendopeptidases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To determine the expression of MMP2 mRNA in oral verruvous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Thirty cases were divided into 3 groups: verruvous carcinoma (n = 10), well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (n = 15) and moderately or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (n = 5). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to test the expression of MMP2 mRNA in the carcinoma tissues and matched normal tissues from 3 groups above. RESULTS: The expression of MMP2 mRNA in the carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in their matched normal tissues (P < 0.05). The expression of MMP2 mRNA in verruvous carcinoma was significantly higher than that in well-differentiated and moderately or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.05). However, the expression of MMP2 mRNA was not obviously different between well-differentiated and moderately or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The expression of MMP2 mRNA in oral verruvous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in their matched normal tissues. The expression of MMP2 mRNA in verruvous carcinoma was significantly higher than that in squamous cell carcinoma.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; enzymology ; Carcinoma, Verrucous ; enzymology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Mouth Neoplasms ; enzymology ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo determine whether the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene silencing could be effectively induced by PCR-derived siRNA expression cassettes (SEC) transfected by the fifth generation polyamidoamine dendrimer (G5 PAMAM-D) in Tca8113 cells.

METHODSFour SEC were rationally designed and constructed based on a two-step PCR reaction. The SEC were then transferred into Tca8113 cells using G5 PAMAM-D, and hTERT expression was investigated by real-time fluorescence-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and western blot analysis.

RESULTSThe RNA interference effects of the SEC targeted for varying hTERT mRNA positions showed a significant disparity. Among them, SEC-A revealed the most potent inhibitory effects (above 95% of reduction), followed by SEC-D and SEC-C, and SEC-B had no effect on hTERT expression (P > 0.05). That the endogenous hTERT gene silencing induced by G5 PAMAM dendrimer-mediated SEC-A was highly sequence-specific, and multiple transfection as well as properties of the vectors were routinely attributable to the specific suppression.

CONCLUSIONSSpecific inhibition of endogenous hTERT expression by use of a PCR-based short hairpin siRNA technique and dendrimer transfer system may serve as a novel strategy for treatment of tongue cancers expressing hTERT in vitro.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; enzymology ; genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Telomerase ; genetics ; Tongue Neoplasms ; enzymology ; genetics ; Transfection

Molecular target therapy is one of the most popular field of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatmnet. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearragement are the most important two oncogenic drivers in NSCLC, early studies suggested that EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements are mutually exclusive, but isolated cases or small sample research with concomitant EGFR and ALK alterations have been constantly reported. The co-occurrence of EGFR mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements constitutes a rare molecular, the frequency of EGFR/ALK co-alterations was about 1%, however, little has been known about clinicopathologic feature and treatment. This review summarized published case report, EGFR and ALK alterations are common in female, Asian origin, never smoker, IV stage, and denocarcinomas. First-line treatment can choose EGFR or ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, studies about the origin and resistance mechanism in EGFR/ALK co-alterations are little, require more experimental and clinical research.
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Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; diagnosis ; enzymology ; genetics ; ErbB Receptors ; genetics ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; enzymology ; genetics ; Mutation ; Prognosis ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; genetics