Humans ; Hypophosphatemia ; blood ; complications ; Neoplasms ; blood ; complications ; Osteomalacia ; blood ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; etiology ; surgery ; Phosphates ; blood

OBJECTIVETo study the changes in circulating VEGF and endostatin (ES) levels during chemotherapy for patients with breast cancer, and their correlation with efficacy of chemotherapy.

METHODS40 breast cancer patients with metastases were included in this study. They received TAC/TEC, CAF/CEF, NP, CAP, CMF, TFP, TA or TC regime chemotherapy, respectively. Totally 120 serum samples were collected from the patients at three time points: before chemotherapy, the end of 1 and 5-6 chemotherapy cycles, and analyzed for VEGF and ES levels using ELISA. Tumor agiogenesis activity was evaluated by serum soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM - 1) measured by ELISA as a surrogate marker.

RESULTS(1) Before chemotherapy, the median level of VEGF in patients with breast cancer was 496.6 pg/ml, 4.7 times higher than that of healthy controls (P <0.001). The median level of ES was 95.5 ng/ml, 18.3% lower than that of healthy controls (P = 0.183). VCAM-1 was 1077.1 ng/ml and higher than that of controls (P <0.001). The serum VEGF levels correlated with VCAM-1 levels, tumor staging and metastatic sites (P <0.05). (2) At the end of 1 cycle of chemotherapy, the serum VEGF level (median 524.8 pg/ml) was higher than the pretreatment values (P = 0.047), whereas the levels of ES and VCAM-1 were not significantly altered (110.5 ng/ml, P = 0.055; and 975.6 ng/ml, P = 0.27). (3) At the end of 5-6 cycles, the changes in VEGF correlated with the response to chemotherapy. Serum VEGF levels in 27 patients with chemotherapy-responsive and stable disease showed a significant decrease (median 287.4 pg/ml) , but not observed in 13 patients with progressive disease. VCAM-1 also showed a treatment-related change like VEGF. However, chemotherapy might only have a minor effect on ES, because there was no significant difference in the ES levels among 5-6 cycle patients, 1 cycle patients and healthy controls, and neither between therapy-responsive patients.

CONCLUSIONIntensive chemotherapy for breast cancer results in a significant decrease of serum VEGF level, which might be an indicator of the controlled disease status, and following the treatment-induced response or stabilization, the tumor angiogenesis seems to change into an anti-angiogenesis direction.

Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Bone Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; secondary ; Breast Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; blood ; drug therapy ; secondary ; Endostatins ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; secondary ; Lung Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; secondary ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Remission Induction ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; blood ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; blood

Tumor has long been a hard-nut problem in the world medical field. The effect of the conventional drugs is very limited because of the intervention of multiple micro-environmental factors during the occurrence and progression of tumors. With the characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity and multi-targets synergistic effect, the long-circulating tumor targeted compound preparations show its unique advantages in improving tumor microenvironment and enhancing the therapeutic effect of treatment, thus it has gradually become a hotspot of studies both at home and abroad. Through consulting a great number of professional literatures at home and abroad in recent years, the authors summarized the current studies in vitro and in vive on long-circulating tumor targeted compound preparations in different carriers, in the expectation of providing new ideas and methods for the development of long-circulating tumor targeted compound preparations.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; blood ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; methods ; Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy

It is to observe the therapeutic action of Guizhi Fuling capsule and the combination of active ingredients on model rats with uterine leiomyoma. The hysteromyoma rats models was established in rats by loading eatrogen, to observe the effect on pathological condition of uterus, uterus wet weight, the content of estradiol and progesterone. Guizhi Fuling capsule and the combination of active ingredients remarkably decreased uterus weight, restrained the excess proliferation of the smooth muscle of uterus, decreased the estraiol and progesterone in blood serum. Guizhi Fuling capsule and the combination of active ingredients can restrain the formation of hysteromyoma in a dose-dependent manner. Perhaps the combination of active ingredients is the material foundation of antihysteromyoma.
Animals ; Capsules ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Estradiol ; blood ; Female ; Leiomyoma ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Progesterone ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Uterine Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is one of the dominant treatment options for advanced prostate cancer, which has been certified to significantly improve the overall survival of prostate cancer patients. However, it sometimes can also produce severe adverse effects on body metabolism. This review summarizes the adverse effects of ADT on body composition, the levels of cholesterol and blood glucose, and the cardiovascular system, and the intervention management of these metabolic complications as well.
Androgen Antagonists ; adverse effects ; Blood Glucose ; drug effects ; Body Composition ; drug effects ; Cardiovascular System ; drug effects ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo study the change in ultrastructure of C6 glioma cells after photodynamic therapy (PDT), to compare morphological differences in necrosis and apoptosis before and after PDT treatment, and to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy on the blood brain tumor barrier (BTB) of C6 glioma.

METHODSThe model was produced by transplanting C6 glioma cells cultured in vitro using Peterson method into the caudate nuclei of Wister rats. The experiment group received PDT for two weeks after the operation. The sub-cellular structure, blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and BTB in both groups were observed under electron microscope.

RESULTSApoptosis in different phases and necrosis could be observed in some C6 glioma cells. Swelling occurred on the ultrastructure of cellular organs such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in most of the cells. Damage to the BTB, reduction of the number of cellular organs in endothelial cells of the capillary blood vessels, stretch of the tight junction, and enlargement of the gaps between endothelial cells were also seen in the experiment group. Meanwhile, limited impact on the normal sub-cellular structures and BBB was observed.

CONCLUSIONPDT could induce apoptosis and necrosis of C6 glioma cells due to the damage to the ultrastructure of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The weakened function of C6 glioma BTB initiated by PDT makes it possible to perform a combined therapy of PDT and chemotherapy for glioma.

Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; ultrastructure ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Glioma ; drug therapy ; ultrastructure ; Photochemotherapy ; Rats

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in clinic, and the incidence of rare adverse events are increasing. The aim of this paper is to better define the rare adverse effect of diabetes mellitus associated with ICIs. We report 2 cases of diabetes mellitus associated with ICIs. Literature review was conducted and we discussed the clinical presentation, potential mechanisms and suggestions for optimal management. Two patients were both elderly women, case 1 had increased blood glucose after 7 months of using Durvalumab, and cases 2 had diabetic ketoacidosis after 6 weeks of using Pembrolizumab. Both patients were administered exogenous insulin to control blood glucose. Case 1 has been treated with Durvalumab until now and case 2 discontinued using of Pembrolizumab. HLA genotypes and other factors may explain the risk factors of diabetes associated with ICIs in some individuals. Diabetes mellitus associated with ICIs is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening endocrine system adverse event, which requires doctors to be vigilant. The patients who use ICIs need to monitor blood glucose. If they have hyperglycemia, endocrinologists should be asked to assist in diagnosis and treatment.
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Aged ; Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy* ; Female ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy*

BACKGROUNDPhenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity is a known feature of many cancers. Whether serum tumor marker kinds vary and change following chemotherapy is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a change in the expression of serum tumor markers following chemotherapy, and the potential clinical significance in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) or primary serous peritoneal carcinoma (PSPC).

METHODSSamples were collected before surgery, during chemotherapy and during follow-up for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based evaluation of serum CA-125, CA19-9 and CP2 levels in patients with EOC or PSPC who had received primary debulking surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. In total, 72 patients were examined, including 37 patients with recurrent lesions and 35 patients receiving first-line chemotherapy.

RESULTSIn 35 de novo patients, 20% (7/35) demonstrated a significant changed serum tumor marker kinds among whom the patients with mucinous carcinoma (57.1%, 4/7) showed resistance to chemotherapy. In the 37 recurrent patients, 51.4% (19/37) had changed serum tumor markers, of whom 57.9% (11/19) presented with serous carcinoma. There was no significant difference in median progression-free survival or overall survival in patients with drug-sensitive or drug-resistant recurrence in patients with changed tumor marker kinds relative to those with unchanged markers. However, for patients with changed serum tumor markers there was a trend towards prolonged survival compared with the unchanged serum tumor marker group. In the 17 patients with secondary recurrence, 37.5% (6/17) had changed tumor marker levels. The ratios of CA-125/CP2 and CA-125/CA19-9 were significantly different after either chemotherapy or recurrence.

CONCLUSIONSSerum tumor marker expression in patients with EOC or PSPC may change after chemotherapy or recurrence, indicating that in addition to the markers that are abnormal before surgery, those markers that are normal should also be monitored during chemotherapy and follow-up.

Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; blood ; CA-125 Antigen ; blood ; CA-19-9 Antigen ; blood ; Carboplatin ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial ; blood ; drug therapy ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; Paclitaxel ; therapeutic use

Anemia ; blood ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; etiology ; therapy ; Antineoplastic Agents ; adverse effects ; Blood Transfusion ; Erythropoietin ; blood ; therapeutic use ; Hemoglobins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; blood ; complications ; drug therapy ; Receptors, Erythropoietin ; blood

The growth and metastasis of tumor is angiogenesis-dependent. Antiangiogenic agents have been clinically used to treat malignant tumors with the mechanisms of regressing tumor vasculature and inhibiting vascular recurrence which restrain tumor growth and metastasis. Clinical evidences indicate that antiangiogenic agents combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy potentiate the effects of treatment. However, radiation therapy and chemotherapy depend on ample blood flow to the tumor to deliver oxygen and drugs. Theoretically, it is paradoxical with evidences that these therapies work together rather than against each other. "Vascular normalization" theory was raised to explain this paradox. And accumulating data show that antiangiogenic agents transiently "normalize" tumor vasculature before causing vascular regression, so that improve tumor blood supply and increase tissue oxygenation. New views and challenges about antiangiogenic agents come out with the discovery of "normalization window". In this review, we summarized the mechanism, related researches and future prospects of antiangiogenic agents improving blood supply and oxygenation.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; metabolism ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Oxidation-Reduction