Spinal intradural extramedullary non-infiltrated solitary metastasis is very rare. We report a case of intradural extramedullary carcinoma to the T9 nerve root, which mimiking a nerve sheath tumor. Pathology reveals metastatic adenocarcinoma. We discuss the feature of mechanism and pathogenesis and management strategy follows.
Adenocarcinoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pathology

Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis

When one follows a systematic approach to make a diagnosis of pathologic of pathologic lesions, it is relatively easy to render a cancer diagnosis in almost all cases in routine daily practice. The first step is to recognize whether or not the specimen contains a lesion and then to determine whether the lesion is neoplastic or nonneoplastic. Since neoplasm is clonal proliferation, neoplastic conditions are usually composed of a single cell type, whereas nonneoplastic conditions consist of multiple different cell types. After a neoplastic condition has been documented, the next step is to decide whether the neoplasm is of an epithelial origin or mesenchymal origin. The main differences between epithelial tumors and mesenchymal tumors include : 1) the tumor cells in epithelial tumors are oval, round to polygonal, while those in mesenchymal tumors are in general spindleshaped : 2) epithelial tumors generally form tumor cell nests, while mesenchymal tumors arrange diffusely without forming tumor cell nests : 3) in epithelial tumors, desmoplastic stroma is wellformed in between tumor cell nests, while in mesenchymal tumors there is no desmoplastic stroma ; and lastly, 4) feeding vessels open in the stroma in epithelial tumors, while they open between tumor cells in mesenchymal tumors. After this one should decide whether the tumor is benign or malignant. The differences between benign and malignant tumors include : 1) differentiation ; 2) growth rate ; 3) growth pattern ; and 4) metastasis. The benign tumor is ell differentiated, grows slowly, shows an expansile growth lattem with encapsulation, and does not metastasize. On the other hand, the malignant tumor is in general poorly differentiated, grows rapidly with frequent mitoses, shows an invasive growth pat-tern without capsular formation, and frequently metastasizes. In general malignant tumors show a high cellularity, tumor necrosis, and nuclear alterations, which include nuclear enlargement with a high nudear/cytoplasmic ratio, hyperchromatism, pleomorphism, prominent nucleolus, and frequent mitoses. The final step is to classify the type of tumor based on the cellular differentiation and gross and microscopic growth patterns based on the light microscopic exarhination of H & E stained slides. For the correct identification of the tumor, immunostaining, electron microscopic evaluation, and molecular diagnostic tools may be required. After establishment of a diagnosis of malignancy, one should think about the prognostic factors. The two wellknown prognostic (factors (category I) applicable in almost all tumors include stage and grade. Therefore, information about the stage and grade should also be included in the pathology report.
Diagnosis ; Hand ; Mitosis ; Necrosis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pathology ; Pathology, Molecular

Humans ; Hyperplasia ; pathology ; Male ; Melanoma ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Palatine Tonsil ; pathology ; Skin Neoplasms ; pathology

Ninety percent of malignant tumor treatment failure is due to post-operative metastasis and recurrence. Paget's "seed and soil" in 1889 and Ewing's "tumor metastatic fluid dynamics" in 1928 are the basic scientific concepts of metastasis. With the advanced molecular biological technology combined with the translational medicine research, possible or potential metastatic "seed"-tumor stem cells or stemness cells can be screened. In recent years, study on the "tumor derived exosome" raised the concept of pre-metastatic niche and progenitor metastasis. On the other hand, associated methodology and technology for screening and detection of the exosome had been established, which provides feasible methods for screening, prediction and individual therapy. It will be the new era for cancer prevention and intervention in translational medicine area.
Humans ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Neoplasms ; pathology ; Translational Medical Research

Prostate cancer shows a strong predilection to spread to the bones. Cancer metastasis is composed of a complex cascade that involves a variety of critical steps beginning with detachment from the primary tumor and ending with growth of the tumor at a distant site. Varus factors produced by the bone microenvironment contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer skeletal metastasis. This review summarizes the multifactorial mechanisms and complex cellular interactions that take place inside the bone metastatic microenvironment.
Bone Neoplasms ; secondary ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; pathology

Chemokine CXCL12 ; Child ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasms ; pathology ; Receptors, CXCR4

Female ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; pathology

Lung metastases are more common in metastatic disease in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Because of its insidious onset and slow development, clinical diagnosis is relatively difficult. Some possible diagnostic methods for detecting the lung metastasis of DTC including serological examination, radionuclide imaging and other medical imaging patterns are discussed in this paper. The progress and the current situation about investigation of those modalities which are in the early diagnosis, recurrent and clinical evaluation for the lung metastasis of DTC are briefly reviewed. Therefore, it is expected to promote DTC with lung metastasis to a higher diagnostic level.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; secondary ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; pathology

Cancer metastasis is the most dangerous stage of tumorigenesis and evolution, the primary cause of death in cancer patients. Clinically, more than 60% of cancer patients have found metastasis at the time of examination. Modern medicine has made significant progress on the mechanisms of cancer metastasis in recent years, from the simple "anatomy and machinery" theory forward to the "seed and soil" theory, then to the "microenvironmental" theory and the "cancer stem cell" theory. The emerging "cancer stem cell" theory successfully explains phenomenon such as tumor genetic heterogeneity, anoikis resistance, tumor dormancy, providing more new targets and ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer metastasis.
Animals ; Humans ; Medicine ; methods ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology