In this study the quantitative changes of the SP (senile plaque) and NFT (neurofibrillary tangle) in the subnucleus of amygdaloid nucleus were analyzed. All patients (83 cases) were diagnosed clinically and confirmed pathologically as Alzheimer disease. The results were: 1) The SP was most prominenentlv observed in the basomedial sub'nucleus region but NFT was in the lateral subnuclei. 2) There were positive Rank Correlation of pathologic degree between the amygdaloidal subnuclei and neocortex except accessory basal subnuclei. 3)Lateral subnucleus had no Rank Correlation between its SP & NFT.
Alzheimer Disease ; Amygdala* ; Humans ; Neocortex

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is growing interest in high-frequency oscillations (HFO) as electrophysiological biomarkers of the epileptic brain. We evaluated the clinical utility of interictal HFO events, especially their occurrence rates, by comparing the spatial distribution with a clinically determined epileptogenic zone by using subdural macroelectrodes. METHODS: We obtained intracranial electroencephalogram data with a high temporal resolution (2000 Hz sampling rate, 0.05-500 Hz band-pass filter) from seven patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Three epochs of 5-minute, artifact-free data were selected randomly from the interictal period. HFO candidates were first detected by an automated algorithm and subsequently screened to discard false detections. Validated events were further categorized as fast ripple (FR) and ripple (R) according to their spectral profiles. The occurrence rate of HFOs was calculated for each electrode contact. An HFO events distribution map (EDM) was constructed for each patient to allow visualization of the spatial distribution of their HFO events. RESULTS: The subdural macroelectrodes were capable of detecting both R and FR events from the epileptic neocortex. The occurrence rate of HFO events, both FR and R, was significantly higher in the seizure onset zone (SOZ) than in other brain regions. Patient-specific HFO EDMs can facilitate the identification of the location of HFO-generating tissue, and comparison with findings from ictal recordings can provide additional useful information regarding the epileptogenic zone. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of interictal HFOs was reasonably consistent with the SOZ. The detection of HFO events and construction of spatial distribution maps appears to be useful for the presurgical mapping of the epileptogenic zone.
Biomarkers ; Brain ; Electrodes ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsies, Partial ; Epilepsy ; Humans ; Neocortex ; Seizures

Cortical interneurons can be categorized into distinct populations based on multiple modalities, including molecular signatures and morpho-electrical (M/E) properties. Recently, many transcriptomic signatures based on single-cell RNA-seq have been identified in cortical interneurons. However, whether different interneuron populations defined by transcriptomic signature expressions correspond to distinct M/E subtypes is still unknown. Here, we applied the Patch-PCR approach to simultaneously obtain the M/E properties and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of >600 interneurons in layer V of the mouse somatosensory cortex (S1). Subsequently, we identified 11 M/E subtypes, 9 neurochemical cell populations (NCs), and 20 transcriptomic cell populations (TCs) in this cortical lamina. Further analysis revealed that cells in many NCs and TCs comprised several M/E types and were difficult to clearly distinguish morpho-electrically. A similar analysis of layer V interneurons of mouse primary visual cortex (V1) and motor cortex (M1) gave results largely comparable to S1. Comparison between S1, V1, and M1 suggested that, compared to V1, S1 interneurons were morpho-electrically more similar to M1. Our study reveals the presence of substantial M/E variations in cortical interneuron populations defined by molecular expression.
Mice ; Animals ; Neocortex/physiology* ; Mice, Transgenic ; Interneurons/physiology*

Humans ; Astrocytes ; Neocortex ; Epilepsy/therapy* ; Tosylarginine Methyl Ester

BACKGROUND: Although olfactory stimulation has been known to produce effects on human mood and cognition, the specific EEG patterns of activity was reported diversely. The purpose of this study was to investigate EEG changes by odorant using low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) in young healthy subjects. METHODS: The EEG's of nineteen (10 males, 9 females) non-smoking right-handed college students were recorded after odorant stimulation. A nineteen-channel EEG was recorded referenced to linked ears before and during olfactory stimulation. Olfactory stimulation was presented with lavender essential oil by blotter method. The LORETA power was computed from ten 2-s epochs, separately for the different EEG frequencies. The power values were logarithmically transformed and paired sample t-tests were done for each voxel and frequency band (1.5-30 Hz). Statistical results were displayed 3-dimensionally on the standard brain template. RESULTS: All subjects experienced positive feelings (relaxed and pleasant) by olfactory stimulation with lavender oil (p<0.01). The LORETA power of theta and alpha band was increased in the dorsolateral and medial frontal areas, predominantly in the posterior cingulate gyri. The alpha LORETA power was also increased in bilateral orbitofrontal regions and the left perisylvian region including the insular cortex. Beta power was increased in the posterior cingulated gyri and mesial temporal region, predominantly on the left side. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that olfaction associated with emotional feeling might induce brain electrical power changes not only in the limbic system but also in the neocortex with lateralization to the dominant hemisphere.
Brain ; Cognition ; Ear ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Lavandula ; Limbic System ; Magnets ; Male ; Neocortex ; Odors* ; Smell

Neuronal migrational disorders of the brain represent abnormalities in the formation of the neocortex caused by faulty migration of the subependymal neuroblasts. The neuroblasts normally migrate between the sixth and 15th gestational week and in doing so form the six-layered neocortex. When the migration does not occur in a normal fashion the resultant brain anomalies include lissencephaly, pachygyria, schizencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, heterotopia, and polymicrogyria. Neuronal heterotopia is a collection of nerve cells in abnormal locations as a result of arrest of their radial migration, improper formation, or destruction of the radial glial fiber. We reported a case of neuronal heterotopia with brief review of related literatures.
Agenesis of Corpus Callosum ; Brain ; Lissencephaly ; Malformations of Cortical Development ; Neocortex ; Neuronal Migration Disorders ; Neurons*

The temporal lobe is essential in saving declarative memory and plays an important role along with the cerebral neocortex in creating and maintaining long-term memory. Damage to the temporal lobe is expected to result in cognitive impairment or dementia, which has characteristic symptoms such as cognitive and behavioral dysfunction and decreasing self-reliance in activities of daily living. We report on a patient, who suffered from dementia due to meningovascular syphilis affecting the medial temporal lobe, and on the outcome of cognitive rehabilitation.
Activities of Daily Living ; Dementia ; Humans ; Memory ; Memory, Long-Term ; Neocortex ; Syphilis ; Temporal Lobe

The temporal lobe is essential in saving declarative memory and plays an important role along with the cerebral neocortex in creating and maintaining long-term memory. Damage to the temporal lobe is expected to result in cognitive impairment or dementia, which has characteristic symptoms such as cognitive and behavioral dysfunction and decreasing self-reliance in activities of daily living. We report on a patient, who suffered from dementia due to meningovascular syphilis affecting the medial temporal lobe, and on the outcome of cognitive rehabilitation.
Activities of Daily Living ; Dementia ; Humans ; Memory ; Memory, Long-Term ; Neocortex ; Syphilis ; Temporal Lobe

We report a case with reVersible temporal and parietal neocortical abnormalities detected by MRI and SPECT following a brief seizure. Post ictal MRI abnormalities may indicate an underlying structural abnormality, but may also occur in non-lesional epilepsy and represent a transient physiologic change induced by ictal activity.
Brain ; Epilepsy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Neocortex* ; Parietal Lobe* ; Rabeprazole* ; Seizures* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

To understand the changes in expression of calcium binding proteins(CaBP) during the experimental focal ischemia, expression of two kinds of CaBP, paralvumin(PV) and calbindin D-28K(Calbindin), immunocytochemically, and activities of cytochrome oxidase(CO) and acetylcholinesterase(AchE), histochemically, in focal ischemic brain of the rat were investigated. Two groups of focal ischemic infarction were produced in Sprague Dawley rats(200-350 mg):Group I, Clip compression of left middle cerebral artery(MCA) for 5-10 mins and release;Group II, Electric coagulation of left MCA for 2-24 hrs. In the group I, CO activity and PV- and Calbindin-immunoreactivity(IR) were decreased in the left MCA territory, and decreased in number of PV- and Calbindin-IR neurons and degree of IR, but AchE activity was nearly same as that of control cortex. In the group II, decrease of CO and AchE activities, and marked increase of PV- and Calbindin IRs were noted on neuropil in the layers I through VI of ischemic region. Characteristically pyramidal cells, which did not express the both CaBPs in the control cortex, of layer V of ischemic cortex showed PV- and Calbindin Irs in the cell body and apical dendrite. These findings suggest that 1) PV- and Calbindin-IR neurons, mainly non-pyramidal cells, are more vulnerable than pyramidal cell to ischemic injury, 2) CaBP may have some roles in hypoxic neuronal injury, and 3) PV and Calbindin-immunocytochemistry can be used as useful technique in evaluation of experimental ischemia.
Animals ; Brain ; Calbindins ; Calcium ; Cytochromes ; Dendrites ; Infarction ; Ischemia* ; Neocortex* ; Neurons* ; Neuropil ; Pyramidal Cells ; Rats*