ObjectiveTo study the ability of response inhibition of depression.Methods30 depressed patients( depression group) and 30 healthy subjects (control group)were recruited in this study.The two groups were age,gender and education matched.All the subjects performed three visual Go/Nogo tasks using E-prime.The three Go/Nogo tasks were Happy Nogo Task(HNT),Normal Task (NT)and Sad Nogo Task (SNT).The two groups were instructed to press a button as quickly and correctly as possible when the Go trials were presented,but not to response when the Nogo trials were presented.In each task,the differences of accuracy (ACC) and response Time (RT) between the two groups were compared.Results ( 1 ) In HNT,during Go trials,ACC of depression group ( 0.85 ± 0.12 ) was higher than that of control group (0.75 ± 0.15 ) (P ＜ 0.05 ) ; during Nogo trials,ACC of depression group ( 0.91 ± 0.63 ) was lower than that of control group ( 0.95 ± 0.05 ) (P ＜ 0.05 ).(2) In NT,During Nogo trials,ACC of depression group(0.95 ± 0.04) was higher than that of control group (0.97 ± 0.03 ) (P ＜0.05 ).(3) There were no significant differences in RT between the two groups in any trails (P ＞ 0.05 ).ConclusionCompared with control group,depressed patients have a much higher recognize incline to the stimulus of sad emotion and a lower ability to complete normal response inhibition task.This is a new way to explain the depression pathogenesis mechanisms.

Attentional set-shifting tasks are used as a measure of human fronto-executive function.the cognitive processes involved in forming an attentional set,maintaining an attentional set and shifting an attentional set are vulnerable to dysfunction arising from a number of human neurological disorders (such as attentional deficit/hyperactivity disorder,depression,schizophrenia) and neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's,Huntington's,Alzheimer's diseases).Recently,researches on rodents mainly continue to illustrate normal rats which are caused by different operating different performance in the attentional set-shifting tasks.And also there are few studies committed to observe the adaptability of the rats in attentional set-shifting tasks as well as different performance between species of rodents in attentional set shifting tasks.In addition,these results have elucidated the roles of multiple neurotransmitters in the manifestation of cognitive processes.This review focuses on the methodology of the attentional set-shifting tasks and the role of the neurotransmitter in cognitive processes.

Objective To investigate the level of depression on interference suppression function in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods 15 CHD patients with major depression,21 CHD patients with mild depression and 24 CHD patients without depressive symptoms in the Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University from May 2013 to March 2015 were selected to complete the Emotional Stroop task and record their accuracy and reaction time according to the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders in China-Third Edition(CCMD-3).Results ① The reaction time was longer (F(2,57) =71.97,P＜0.01)and the accuracy was lower (F(2,57)=8.78,P=0.04) in CHD with major depression group and CHD with mild depression group compared with CHD group.② The reaction time of negative words ((872.77±348.47) ms,(796.53±200.92)ms) was longer than positive words ((809.22±343.45)ms,(740.85±177.82)ms) in CHD with major depression group and CHD with mild depression group.③ The interference effect of negative words was bigger in CHD with major depression group and CHD with mild depression group ((35.48±181.97)ms,(7.16±200.06)ms) compared with CHD group ((-19.86± 177.82)ms).Conclusion Both CHD patients with major depression and CHD patients with mild depression have deficits in interference inhibition for negative information,which suggests that CHD with depressive individuals have impaired cognitive control function.

Objective:To explore the relationship between moral sense of life and prosocial behavior among medical students, and the multiple mediating effects of meaning in life and empathy.Methods:A total of 721 medical students from Weifang Medical University were tested with moral sense of life scale (MSLS), meaning in life questionnaire (MLQ), interpersonal reactivity index-C (IRI-C) and prosocial behavior tendency scale (PBTS). Common method bias test, Spearman correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data using SPSS 22.0 software, and PROCESS macro program was used to test the mediating effect of meaning in life and empathy between moral sense of life and prosocial behavior.Results:Moral sense of life, meaning in life, empathy and prosocial behavior were significantly positively correlated with each other( r=0.24-0.56, all P<0.01). Analysis of mediating effects revealed that moral sense of life affected prosocial behavior through three indirect pathways: the separate meditating effects of both meaning in life and empathy (the effect size=0.11, 0.06), accounting for 57.89% and 31.58% of the total indirect effect respectively), the chain mediating effect of meaning in life and empathy (the effect size=0.02), accounting for 10.53% of the total indirect effect. Meaning in life and empathy play a full mediating role in the relationship between moral sense of life and prosocial behavior. Conclusion:Moral sense of life can indirectly increase medical students′ prosocial behavior through meaning in life and empathy. Meaning in life and empathy exert a chain-mediating effect between moral sense of life and prosocial behavior.

Objective To evaluate the antidepressant action of melatonin in stress model of depres-sion and the effects of the melatonin on depressive-like behavior.Methods Forty male Wistar rats were ran-domly divided into four groups(n=10):controls group(CON),chronic unpredictable mild stress group (CUS),chronic unpredictable mild stress group + melatonin group(CUS+MT)and chronic unpredictable mild stress group +ketamine group(CUS+KET).The rats in CUS group,CUS+MT group and CUS+KET group were given different stress stimulation for 42 days to establish the chronic mild unpredictable stress ani-mal model.Sucrose preference experiments was used to detect the depression model and the level of depres-sion was tested by forced swim test.The influence of Short-term low doses of melatonin on the level of BDNF and GluR1 in the prefrontal cortex,was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC)on 58 day after the start of the experiment.Results (1)The CUS showed depressant-like behavior,and the percent sucrose uptake scores and the cumulative immobility time of the CUS group were decreased significantly(P<0.05).(2)After injection melatonin 14 d,the cumulative immobility time of CUS+MT group((60.70±18.56)s)and CUS+KET group((56.43±20.46)s)were decreased significantly in comparison to the CUS group(146.34±34.10) s).It was observed a highly significant(P<0.05)decrease of and up-regulation of the BDNF cells in CUS+MT group((1 328.99±282.46)/mm2)and CUS+KET group((1 224.76±116.53)/mm2)in comparison to the CUS group,the number of BDNF cells in CUS+MT group was increased significantly in comparison to the CUS+KET group;(3)After administration drug 14 days,the number of GluR1 cells of CUS+KET((807.82± 153.25)/mm2)but not CUS+MT((632 ± 156.34)mm2)significantly increased compared with CUS ((807.82±193.25)/mm2).Conclusion The results indicate that the melatonin induce an antidepressant-like action like ketamine.The antidepressant effects of melatonin may be related with the level of BNDF.

Objective To explore the effect of expressive writing intervention on social support,resilience and school maladjustment in university freshman.Methods Selecting the freshmen volunteer of 600 university freshmen of Shandong,through the scale before the test recovery and comprehensive scoring chosen the part of low grade college students as the intervention object and were divided into writing expression(n=60) person and control group(n=60).The intervention group received a positive subject writing expression and the control group in the normal writing.Before and after the intervention tested the social support rating scale,the resilience scale for Chinese adolescents and the the student adaptation to college questionnaire were tested to evaluate the effect of active writing expression intervention.Results (1)After intervention,the intervention group and the control group had significant differences among the scales,objective support (t =-2.36,P＜0.05),learning adaptation(t=-1.98,P＜0.05) and subjective support (t=-2.56,P＜0.05),target focus(t=-2.66,P＜0.01),emotional control(t=-2.81,P＜0.01),family support (t=-3.46,P＜0.01),adaptation (t=-2.73,P＜0.01),support utilization (t=-5.91,P＜0.01) and social support score (t =-4.04,P＜ 0.01),positive cognition (t=-2.73,P＜0.01),interpersonal assistance (t=-3.13,P＜0.01),resilience score (t=-7.40,P＜0.01),life adaptation (t=-3.83,P＜ 0.01),emotional state (t =-3.39,P＜ 0.01),and school adaptation score (t=-3.46,P＜0.01).(2)There was no significant difference in objective support between the control group before intervention and after intervention.In addition,the remaining dimensions such as subjective support (20.72±2.46,22.96±2.81,t=4.54,P＜0.01),support utilization (7.49± 1.40,9.86± 1.90,t =7.56,P＜0.01) and social support score (36.79±4.24,41.89±5.18,t=5.76,P＜0.01) were significantly increased.The intervention group had significant difference among target focus (15.98±2.86,17.89±3.35,t=3.28,P＜0.01),emotional control (14.98±2.77,15.70±2.71,t=3.35,P＜0.01),positive cognition (14.61 ± 2.04,16.26±3.09,t=3.36,P＜0.01),interpersonal assistance (15.30±2.44,17.49±2.73,t=4.52,P＜0.01),resilience score(77.65±6.01,88.25±5.74,t=9.63,P＜0.01) and family support(16.77±2.28,19.58± 2.44,t =6.35,P＜ 0.01).In the intervention group of school adaptation scale,life adaptation (40.44± 6.36,45.12± 7.21,t=3.68,P＜0.01),emotional state (34.04±6.99,38.84±5.95,t=3.95,P＜0.01) and school adaptation score (145.21 ±22.86,160.51±21.78,t=3.66,P＜0.01),interpersonal assistance (32.30±5.34,35.23±5.18,t=2.98,P＜0.01),learning adaptation (38.44±7.06,41.32± 5.92,t=2.36,P＜0.05) were significantly increased.Conclusion Written expression intervention has a positive effect on improving the low level of social support,the poor resilience and freshman's adaptation to college.

ObjectiveTo investigate the differences in health empowerment, perceived control and experiential avoidance between patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) with type D personality and non-type D personality. MethodsFrom January to October, 2022, using the convenient sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 195 patients with CHD from Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University. Assessment tools included Type D Personality Scale, Chinese Version of Patient Perception Empowerment Scale (CV-PPES), Control Attitudes Scale-Revised (CAS-R) and Acceptance Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). ResultsA total of 185 effective questionnaires were returned, and 68 patients with type D personality. Compared with the patients with non-type D personality, the scores of negative affectivity and social inhibition were higher (|t| > 9.783, P < 0.001), the total score of CV-PPES and the scores of four dimensions (information, decision, individual and self-management) were lower (t > 5.843, P < 0.001), the score of CAS-R was lower (t = 2.858, P = 0.005), and the score of AAQ-II was higher (t = -9.414, P < 0.001) in CHD patients with type D personality. ConclusionCompared with non-D-type patients, CHD patients with D-type personality exhibit lower levels of health empowerment and perceived control, and higher level of experiential avoidance, which may negatively impact on health behaviors.