PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess the degree of Positive psychological capital, Organizational commitment, Customer orientation of clinical nurses, and to identify correlations between these variables. METHODS: Participants were 230 nurses working in three hospitals located in Seoul. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Regression. RESULTS: Mean scores were 3.32 (5 point scale) for Positive psychological capital, 3.03 (5 point scale) for Organizational commitment, 3.71 (5 point scale) for Customer orientation. Positive psychological capital correlated positively with Organizational commitment (r=.29, p<.001) and Customer orientation (r=.58, p<.001). Organizational commitment correlated positively with Customer orientation (r=.28, p<.001). Positive psychological capital had a significant influence on Customer orientation. and these combinations explained 34.2% of the variance in Customer orientation (F=25.68, p<.001). Organizational commitment had a mediating effect between Positive psychological capital and Customer orientation. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest a need for strategies to improve Customer orientation by enhancing the Positive psychological capital of nurses. Furthermore, study to develop and apply a Positive psychological capital promotion program should be conducted.
Negotiating ; Seoul

A male elderly patient came with buccal mucosa swelling associated with tooth 46 and 47. Periapical radiograph confirmed the presence of periapical lesion and narrow root canals on both teeth. Challenging impediments were sensed upon negotiating most of the narrow root canals which were common in elderly patients. Glide path creation involved pre-flaring, K-file bending, watch winding movement, and very gentle strokes. After achieving patency, shaping, cleaning, and sealing phase can be performed.
Aged ; Negotiating

BACKGROUND: The Ibalois in La Trinidad, Benguet are witnesses to health negotiations that had been subjected to historical and material change.

OBJECTIVE: To present indicators of resistance - the struggles, apparent ambivalence, and aspirations of the Ibaloi people in relation to health negotiations, as indicative of their being active agents in confronting change. Its ultimate objective was to show how the Ibalois have managed to not allow themselves to be subjected to the biological reductionism of "medical gaze" as they assert the value of a number of traditional health and cultural practices amidst historical and material change.

METHODOLOGY: A case study research design with Key Informants Interview (KII) as data collection technique was used as design for the study. To collect data, fifteen key informants were interviewed, eight from the folk medical sector and seven from the professional medical sector. Emic viewpoint was used in the presentation of data to analyze cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who participates in the culture being studied. Data from the folk medical sector were triangulated with data coming from local and international studies and with reports coming from the professional health sector: records from barangay and provincial health clinics managed by nurses and midwives as well as data coming from a local tertiary hospital and a national media news coverage.

RESULTS: The struggles of the Ibalois are acts of resistance as they confront both traditional health practice or change. Their ambivalent emotions manifest creative responses to the diurnal or apparently humdrum occurrences that they encounter. Their aspirations indicate their hope and constant desire for a better future, and particular to this study, better health conditions. Indeed, health negotiations in Barangay Bahong, La Trinidad, Benguet and the continued relevance given to the mambonong are not indicative of a petrified indigenous.

CONCLUSION: Amidst the various historic turns and power shifts in the Cordillera region, the Ibalois have portrayed themselves as human agents, not just as one objective force in society - who define their culture (i.e. health practices) themselves in as much as this gives meaning and relevance to their lives. 

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of positive psychological characteristics on posttraumatic stress symptoms after traumatic experiences. METHODS: The subjects were 97 firefighters (83 males and 14 females), who completed the Life Events Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were computed to examine the relationships among the variables, and Structural Equation Modeling was used to investigate the mediation process in the relationships among traumatic experiences, positive psychological characteristics, and posttraumatic stress. RESULTS: The results showed that self-esteem had a mediating effect on the relationship between traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Traumatic experiences affected posttraumatic stress symptoms not only directly, but also through self-esteem to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Therefore the lower firefighters' self-esteem was, the more posttraumatic stress symptoms occurred. Resilience, however, apparently had no function as mediating variable in the relationship between traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Traumatic experiences and resilience each seemed to affect posttraumatic stress symptoms directly. Hence, the lower firefighters' resilience was, the more posttraumatic stress symptoms occurred. CONCLUSION: This study showed that self-esteem had a mediating effect on the relationship between traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress symptoms. We also found that resilience affects posttraumatic stress symptoms directly, regardless of the number of traumatic experiences. Likewise, these results showed that we should be concerned in positive psychological characteristics such as self-esteem and resilience in order to prevent posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Firefighters ; Humans ; Male ; Negotiating

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the mediation effects of cognitive emotion regulation on influences of self-differentiation and family function in high school students' problem behavior. METHODS: Study design was a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of causal research. A survey was conducted with 194 students in a C city high school. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. RESULTS: There were direct effects of self-differentiation (β= -.39, p<.001), adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (β=-.16, p=.004) and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (β=.34, p<.001) on problem behavior in these students. A mediator effect was found for self-differentiation, as it had a direct impact on the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy (β=-.15, p=.014), which then had a direct impact on problem behavior. However, family function had no direct impact on both the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and the adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and on problem behavior, no mediator effect was observed. Explanatory power of these variables for problem behavior was 48.0%. CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that to intervene for problem behavior in high school students, there is a need to develop and utilize programs that not only intervene for self-differentiation but also decrease high school students' use of non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation.
Humans ; Negotiating* ; Problem Behavior*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to delineate the effects of organizational injustice on negative behaviors of employees with the mediating effects of trust. METHODS: A survey was conducted among 550 nurses in 11 departments of 3 hospitals located in the Pohang area. Data were analyzed using frequency, descriptive statistics. correlation coefficients, regression analysis. RESULTS: Procedural injustice (beta=-.48, p<.001) had the greatest negative effect on organizational trust, followed by interactional injustice(beta=-.15, p<.001) and distributive injustice(beta=-.14, p<.001). For supervisor trust, both procedural (beta=-.11, p=.006) and interactional (beta=-.63, p<.001) injustice had a negative effect. While supervisor trust (beta=-.28, p<.001) had greater negative effects on organizational negative behaviors of nurses compared to organizational trust (beta=-.21, p<.001), supervisor trust (beta=-.29, p<.001) had negative effects on personal negative behaviors but organizational trust had no significant effect on personal negative behaviors. CONCLUSION: To reduce the negative organizational behaviors of nurses, an organizational effort is needed to reduce procedural injustice by introducing fair organizational management and to reduce interactional injustice through formal or informal communication channels between supervisors and nurses.
Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Negotiating*

This report introduces a novel technique that allows a safe and predictable canal negotiation, creation of a glide path and canal preparation with reciprocating nickel-titanium or stainless steel engine-driven instruments in canals where the use of rotary and the newly developed reciprocating instruments is contraindicated. In this novel technique, the instruments are used in reciprocating motion with very small angles. Hand files are not used regardless of the complexity of the canal anatomy. It also allows achieving predictable results in canal negotiation and glide path creation in challenging canals without the risk of instrument fracture.
Hand ; Negotiating ; Stainless Steel*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the coping process of chief Executive Nurses(CENs) Who Had Experienced Unexpected Dismissal.The research question was "would you tell me about your experience of sudden dismissal?" METHOD: The methodology of collecting and analyzing data used in this study followed the ground theory of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Data were collected through in-depth interviews with open-ended questions about the subjects' coping experiences, which were audio-taped and transcribed. The survey was conducted between April and May, 2007. The subjects of this study were 5 CENs. RESULT: The results of the study are as follows. Core category of This Study was "Battling unsupported against the overwhelming reality." The participants had to face the most unexpected reality of being laid off. Their emotional/psychological response were betrayal, powerlessness, lonesomeness, sorrow, and hopelessness. They felt like a general who is facing overwhelming enemy in a war. The coping process was found to have four stages: shocked stage, resisting stage, negotiating stage and reflecting and transcending stage. CONCLUSION: The result of this study suggested that ceaseless exertion and cooperation at organizational and individual levels are needed to establish stable status and power of nursing departments and CENs in hospitals.
Negotiating ; Shock ; Unemployment

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to identify the mediating effects of job satisfaction between internal marketing and organizational commitment of nurses in small and medium-sized hospitals. METHOD: Data were collected from 208 nurses in 8 small and medium-sized hospitals and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and structural equation model (SEM) with the PASW 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. RESULTS: There were positive relationships among all three variables, internal marketing, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. There was a mediating effect of job satisfaction between internal marketing and organizational commitment. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that strategies which could enhance the job satisfaction of nurses should be developed by mangers in small and medium sized hospitals. Further study is needed on other factors which may influence nurses' job satisfaction and organizational commitment especially, in small and medium sized hospitals.
Job Satisfaction ; Marketing ; Negotiating

BACKGROUND: We divided hospital workers into two groups according to whether one was an interpersonal service worker (ISW) or was not (non-ISW). We then explored differences between these groups in job stress and emotional labor type and investigated the mediating factors influencing their relationships. METHODS: Our participants included both ISW (n = 353) and non-ISW (n = 71) hospital workers. We administered the Korean Standard Occupational Stress Scale Short Form to measure job stress and the Emotional Labor Scale to indicate both emotional labor type and characteristics. We also administered the Beck Depression Inventory-II to indicate the mediating factors of depressive symptoms, the Beck Anxiety Inventory to indicate the mediating factors of anxiety, and the State Anger Subscale of the State-Trait Anger Expression inventory to indicate the mediating factors of anger. RESULTS: The ISW group showed more severe job stress than the non-ISW group over a significantly longer duration, with greater intensity, and with higher level of surface acting. The ISW group showed a significant positive correlation between surface acting and job stress and no significant correlation between deep acting and job stress. Parallel mediation analysis showed that for ISWs surface acting was directly related to increased job stress, indirectly related to depression, and unrelated to anxiety and anger. CONCLUSION: The ISW group displayed more surface acting and job stress in its emotional labor than the non-ISW group. In the ISW group, surface acting during emotional labor was positively correlated with job stress. Depression partially mediated their relationship.
Anger ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Negotiating