In the present study, the use of dogs with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a disease model for necrotizing encephalitis (NE) was assessed. Twelve healthy dogs were included in this study. Canine forebrain tissues (8 g), including white and grey matter, were homogenized with 4 mL of phosphate-buffered saline for 5 min in an ice bath. The suspension was emulsified with the same volume of Freund's complete adjuvant containing 1 mg/mL of killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Under sedation, each dog was injected subcutaneously with canine brain homogenate at four sites: two in the inguinal and two in the axillary regions. A second injection (booster) was administered to all the dogs using the same procedure 7 days after the first injection. Clinical assessment, magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, necropsies, and histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed for the dogs with EAE. Out of the 12 animals, seven (58%) developed clinically manifest EAE at various times after immunization. Characteristics of canine EAE models were very similar to canine NE, suggesting that canine EAE can be a disease model for NE in dogs.
Animals ; Brain/*pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dog Diseases/*immunology ; Dogs ; Encephalitis/immunology/*veterinary ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology/*veterinary ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary ; Immunization/veterinary ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/veterinary ; Male ; Necrosis/immunology/*veterinary

We analyzed the expression level and cellular localization of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and histopathologically characterized canine traumatic brain injury (TBI). Canine TBI brains revealed subarachnoid and cerebral cortical hemorrhage, neutrophilic infiltration, neuronal necrosis, astrocytosis, and vasogenic edema. Immunohistochemical evaluations suggested that both pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha] and anti-inflammatory cytokines [IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)] were highly expressed in neurons and neutrophils. In particular, the highest magnitude of expression was identified for IL-1beta and TGF-beta. This data helps describe the pathologic characteristics of canine TBI, and may help in the design of potential therapeutic approaches to control secondary damage by inflammatory cytokines.
Animals ; Brain/*immunology/*pathology ; Brain Injuries/immunology/*pathology/*veterinary ; Dogs ; Humans ; Interleukin-10/immunology/metabolism ; Interleukin-1beta/immunology/metabolism ; Interleukin-6/immunology/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology/metabolism

The purpose of our study was to investigate changes in immunological parameters induced by weaning stress (including milk restriction) in calves. Fifteen Holstein calves were subjected to weaning at 6 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected at -14, -7, -2, 1, 3, and 5 days post-weaning (DPW; 0 DPW = 42 days). Weaning caused significant (p < 0.01) increases in the neutrophil (NE):lymphocyte (LY) ratio at 5 DPW with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of LYs. The concentration of acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) also increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 3 and 5 DPW compared to -2 DPW. Levels of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after weaning. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cortisol levels were elevated (p < 0.05) at 3 DPW, while those of serum interferon-gamma decreased (p < 0.05) at 1 and 3 DPW compared to levels observed before weaning. Weaning significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the percentage of CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood. In conclusion, weaning stress affected the NE:LY ratio along with the levels of acute phase proteins, lactoferrin, cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood of calves. Weaning stress may induce an acute phase response possibly through the elevation of cortisol production and modulation of inflammatory cytokines.
Acute-Phase Proteins/*immunology/metabolism ; Acute-Phase Reaction/immunology/*veterinary ; Animals ; Cattle/*immunology ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Haptoglobins/analysis/immunology ; Hydrocortisone/blood/immunology ; Interferon-gamma/blood/immunology ; Lactoferrin/analysis/immunology ; Leukocyte Count/veterinary ; Leukocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Male ; Serum Amyloid A Protein/analysis/immunology ; Stress, Physiological/*physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood/immunology ; Weaning

In order to detect Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus with immunological methods, the surface glycoprotein of a recent IHNV-Sn isolated from farmed rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in China was amplified and cloned into pET27b(+) vector (designated as pET27b-G ). The expression of recombinant plasmid pET27b-G in E. coli BL21(DE3) was induced and determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. The predicted molecular weight of glycoprotein protein was approximately 55 kD and was confirmed in this study. The inclusion body of glycoprotein was treated with urea at different urea concentrations, and dialyzed into PBS buffer. Purified glycoprotein with high concentration was obtained after dialyzed in the PBS buffer. Antisera against glycoprotein were produced from immunized rabbits. The prepared antisera could react specifically with both the recombinant glycoprotein and natural glycoprotein of the IHNV-Sn isolated in the test of indirect ELISA, and the titer against the recombinant glycoprotein was 1:20,000. IFA showed that the antisera can recognize the glycoprotein located on the surface of IHNV-Sn and IHNV reference strain. These results indicated that the expressed glycoprotein was immunogenical and antigenical and could be functional as the natural IHNV glycoprotein. These results established a foundation for further study on vaccine and rapid diagnosis of IHNV.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; immunology ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Fish Diseases ; immunology ; virology ; Gene Expression ; Glycoproteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Neutralization Tests ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Rabbits ; Rhabdoviridae Infections ; immunology ; veterinary ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; immunology

Although little is known on the function of gammadelta T lymphocytes, there is increasing evidence that gammadelta T lymphocytes are early responders and modulators of immune responses against pathogens and cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-15 and TNF-alpha. To study the role TNF-alpha on gammadelta T lymphocytes, we cloned bovine TNF-alpha. Sequence analysis revealed that a new allele form of bovine TNF-alpha was cloned which has 3 additional nucleotide sequences as well as 3 nucleotide substitutions compared with previously reported bovine TNF-alpha. Further studies are needed to document the functional significance of a new allele form of TNF-alpha in cattle.
*Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; *Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Library ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/*physiology ; Sequence Alignment/veterinary ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/chemistry/*genetics/physiology