Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; Neuropeptides ; classification ; metabolism

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be controlled by a combination of conservative treatment and surgical procedures. However, there is one group of CRS endotypes, refractory CRS, such as eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (ECRSwNP), for which the current treatment strategies of anti-inflammatory and/or antibiotic therapy or surgical removal of the lesion to improve sinus drainage are less effective. This lack of treatment efficacy highlights the need for further fundamental and clinical research to improve or restore nasal mucosal function of CRS. The role of the immune response in the pathogenesis of mucosal remodeling, which is a key problem in refractory CRS, is of particular current interest. ECRSwNP characterized by Th17/Treg imbalance in- duced by IL-6 has a different mucosal remodeling pattern. This review intends to illustrate the role of the imbalance between Th17 (T helper 17) and Treg (regulatory T) cells in the mucosal remodeling of ECRSwNP and to suggest a novel therapeutic target on treating ECRSwNP.
Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; Rhinitis ; metabolism ; Sinusitis ; metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Th17 Cells

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) in the sinus mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). METHOD: Using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, testing the content of PPAR-γ in sinus mucosa and nasal polyps of patients with chronic sinusitis without nasal polyps and normal inferior turbinate, and analyzing the differences. RESULT: The PPAR-γ was found both in sinus mucosa of CRSsNP, nasal polyps of CRSwNP and in normal inferior turbinate; (2) The expression of PPAR-γ in sinus mucosa of CRSsNP and nasal polyps of CRSwNP was lower than that in normal inferior turbinate tissue, and the differences was prominent in statistics; (3) No differences in the expression of PPAR-γ were obtained in sinus mucosa of CRSsNP and nasal polyps of CRSwNP. CONCLUSION The PPAR-γ expressed in human nasal mucosa, meanwhile it was descending in sinus mucosa of CRSsNP and nasal polyps of CRSwNP. The long-term inflammations resulted from CRSsNP and nasal polyps of CRSwNP might relate to PPAR-γ, it suggested that PPAR-γ agonists may offer a new therapy for the treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.
Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inflammation ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; PPAR gamma ; biosynthesis ; Rhinitis ; metabolism ; Sinusitis ; metabolism ; Turbinates

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of intedeukin-5 (IL-5) mRNA and protein in Nasal polyps and in the inferior turbinate, and to explore the relationship between the expression and the Clinical features. METHOD: Real time fluorescent quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the expression of intedeukin-5 (IL-5) mRNA and protein in nasal polyps of 24 cases and in inferior turbinate of 15 cases. RESULT: The expression of IL-5 mRNA in Nasal polyps was 7.52 times higher than that in the inferior turbinate (P < 0.01). The expression rate of IL-5 protein in Nasal polyps was 79.17%, significantly higher than that in the inferior turbinate (26.67%) (chi2 = 10.52, P < 0.01). The differece of expression of IL-5 mRNA was not associated with the sexual distinction, unilateral or bilateral nasal polyps and primary or recurrent nasal polyps (P > 0.01), but was associated with the single or multiple nasal polyps, nasal polyps with or without allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. The differece of expression of IL-5 protein was not associated with the sexual distinction, unilateral or bilateral nasal polyps, primary or recurrent nasal polyps, nasal polyps with or without allergic rhinitis and/or asthma, but was associated with the single and multiple nasal polyps. CONCLUSION The high expression of IL-5 mRNA and protein is closely related with the formation edema and development of nasal polyps. Some clinical features of Nasal polyps related to the expression level of IL-5 in nasal polyps.
Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-5 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Turbinates ; metabolism

Objective:To analyze the differential expression of neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 8（NEDD8） protein in nasal polyp tissues of patients with different pathological types of chronic rhinorhinosinusitis with nasal polyps（CRSwNP）. Methods:All specimens were obtained from the specimen library of Beijing Tongren Hospital, and were all patients who underwent nasal endoscopic surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis in Beijing Tongren Hospital. Hematoxylin-eosin staining（HE） was used to detect the number of eosinophils in nasal polyps, and CRSwNP patients were grouped according to the number of eosinophils in nasal polyps, immunohistochemistry was used to detect and analyze the expression level of NEDD8 protein in nasal polyps. Results:The expression level of NEDD8 protein in nasal polyps of patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinorhinosinusitis with nasal polyps was significantly higher than that of patients with non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps（P<0.05）. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the expression level of NEDD8 protein and the number of eosinophils in nasal polyp tissue（r=0.79, P=0.02）. Conclusion:There are differences in the expression of NEDD8 protein in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps of different pathological types.
Humans ; Nasal Polyps/metabolism* ; Rhinitis/diagnosis* ; NEDD8 Protein/metabolism* ; Sinusitis/diagnosis* ; Eosinophils/metabolism* ; Chronic Disease

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD), in nasal polyps and its significance. METHOD: The expression of VEGF, in nasal polyps from 50 patients and inferior turbinates from 10 patients were studied with immunohistochemical methods, measuring their grey score, the relations between expression microvessel density were analyzed. RESULT: (1) The differences between the VEGF expression in nasal polyp gland and vascular were significant (P < 0.05). (2) The differences between the microvessel quantities in nasal polyps and inferior turbinates were significant (P < 0.05). (3) The association between VEGF expression in vascular of nasal polyps and microvessel density was significant (r = -0.664 (< 0. 05). CONCLUSION In nasal polyps, VEGF, expression increased. Those results show that the abnormal expression of VEGF and MVD may play an impotent role in the development of nasal polyps. There was an important value for proper treatment and prediction of nasal polyps.
Humans ; Microvessels ; pathology ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEProteomics-based approach was applied to analyze and compare the difference of proteins among human nasal inverted papilloma (NIP), nasal polyposis and normal nasal mucosa, in order to screen different proteins as marker.

METHODSThe total proteins of NIP, nasal polyposis and normal nasal mucosa were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Protein image obtained by using the gel of Calibrated GS-800 Densitometer system, and determined different protein spots.

RESULTSSix differential proteins between NIP and nasal polyp tissue were identified, which were galectin-1, Manganese-superoxide dismutase, galectin-7, trichostatin A, prohibitin and transferring. All of them were increased in NIP.

CONCLUSIONSSix differential proteins were possibly involved in NIP, which provided a new way for discriminating NIP from nasal polyposis. The data would be good for the establishment of NIP protein 2-DE map.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Galectin 1 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; pathology ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; pathology ; Nose Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Papilloma, Inverted ; metabolism ; pathology ; Proteomics

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of LL-37 and IL-8 in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps. METHOD: Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the expressions of LL-37 and IL-8 in nasal polyp tissues of 31 patients with chronic sinusitis and inferior turbinate tissues of 11 patients with chronic rhinitis. RESULT: LL-37 and IL-8 mRNA were all positively expressed in all nasal polyps and inferior turbinate tissues. There were significant increases of LL-37 and IL-8 mRNA expressions in nasal polyps compared with the inferior turbinate tissues (P < 0.01). There were also significant increases of positive expression rates of LL-37 and IL-8 protein in nasal polyps, compared with the inferior turbinate tissues (P < 0.01). There was a positive relationship between the mRNA and protein expressions of LL37 and IL-8 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The expressions of LL-37 and IL-8 in nasal polyps suggest that they may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis. Besides its innate immune, LL-37 could enhance human body's anti-infected function by increasing acquired immune.
Adult ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides ; Cathelicidins ; metabolism ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-8 ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; Sinusitis ; metabolism ; Young Adult

Objective:To investigate the expression level and regulatory mechanism of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase（HPGD） in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps（CRSwNP）. Methods:The expression pattern and level of HPGD in CRSwNP and control was observed using immunofluorescence, and western blot was used for analysis of HPGD expression in nasal polyp tissues. The effect of recombinant human high mobility group box-1（HMGB1） on HPGD expression in primary human nasal epithelial cells was observed, and the potential blocking effect of RAGE neutralizing antibody on HMGB1-induced HPGD expression was investigated. Results:The expression of HPGD was elevated in CRSwNP patients compared to the control, while the protein mainly localized at CD68-positive cells and epithelial cells. Recombinant human HMGB1 stimulated an increase in HPGD expression in primary human nasal mucosal epithelial cells at a time-dependent manner. Additionally, increased phosphorylation levels of MEK and elevated RAGE expression were also observed at 12 hours, but decreased at 24 hours after the incubation of HMGB1. The increase in the expression of HPGD induced by HMGB1 in primary human nasal epithelial cells was partly inhibited with RAGE neutralizing antibody. Conclusion:Elevated HPGD expression is observed in CRSwNP, predominantly in macrophages and epithelial cells. HMGB1 regulates HPGD expression through the RAGE-MEK signaling pathway, potentially providing a new target for future regulation of PGE2levels in CRSwNP.
Humans ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism* ; Chronic Disease ; HMGB1 Protein/metabolism* ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism* ; Nasal Mucosa/metabolism* ; Nasal Polyps/metabolism* ; Rhinitis

OBJECTIVETo detect the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) alpha and beta in nasal polyps, and analyze the possible relationship between over-expression of GR beta and steroid insensitivity.

METHODSThe expression of GR alpha and GR beta was examined by immunohistochemical SP method in the specimens from 17 patients with recurring nasal polyp, 18 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyp (CRSwNP), and 12 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyp (CRSsNP) that did not recur during follow-up for 1.5 - 2 years.

RESULTSThe difference of numbers of GR alpha-positive cells (x +/- s) between groups with recurrent nasal polyp (20.2 +/- 6.9), CRSwNP (20.7 +/-7.2) , CRSsNP (16.9 +/- 7.2) and normal subjects (16.1 +/- 5.3) was not significant (P > 0.05). The numbers of GR beta-positive cells in recurring group (34.2 +/- 7.4) or CRSwNP (31.5 +/- 5.9) were higher than that in CRSsNP (19.8 +/- 7.8) and normal group (10.1 +/- 6.7) respectively (all P < 0.05). There was a trend toward higher level in recurring polyp compared with that of CRSwNP patients without recurrence in follow-up period, although this was not statistically different (P = 0.558). The difference of GR beta/GR alpha ratios (x +/- s) in recurring specimens (1.80 +/- 0.47) and CRSwNP group (1.65 +/- 0.49) was significant compared with normal group (0.77 +/- 0.66) respectively (P < 0.05), while there was no significance compared with CRSsNP (1.23 +/- 0.27, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe high expression of GR beta in nasal polyp is related to the development of nasal polyp.

Adult ; Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; metabolism ; Rhinitis ; metabolism ; Sinusitis ; metabolism